Steven N. Durlauf Profile picture
Jan 9 10 tweets 6 min read Read on X
10 books on aspects of inequality published over the last 3 years that I have found especially valuable.

1. Guido Alfani, As Gods Among Men: A History of the Rich in the West

Splendid long run history of the "extreme right tail". Guido and I had a great conversation on The Inequality Podcast

stonecenter.uchicago.edu/whats-new/the-…Image
2. Robert Goodin, Perpetuating Advantage: Mechanisms of Structural Injustice.

Goodin's philosophical treatment provides explicit links to socioeconomic phenomena and thereby provides ideas on how to operationalize concepts such as systemic inequality and systematic discrimination. While I think economic/social science theories suggest, in some respects, different ways to think about system effects, Goodin's discussion is enormously valuable.Image
3. Steven Hahn, Illiberal America: A History

Illiberal America is necessary reading if one wants to understand the political and cultural currents that have protected and promoted inequality in American history. Image
4. Michelle Jackson @mivich, The Division of Rationalized Labor

Michelle Jackson has written a remarkable book, arguing that modern technologies require a reconceptualization of work that moves away from classical division of labor approaches, in order to explain increasing the increasing complexity of individual jobs. I have just finished the book, so am still processing its implications.Image
5 and 5a. Lane Kenworthy, Is Inequality the Problem? and Would Socialism Be Better?

Lane Kenworthy's Is Inequality the Problem? makes a spirited defense of equality of opportunity and diminution of disadvantage as the appropriate foci of policy, as opposed to inequality per se. Would Socialism be Better? argues for social democratic capitalism over socialism. Both books are exceptionally well written.Image
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6. Darrin McMahon, Equality: The History of An Elusive Idea

This is a great intellectual history, describing the evolution of the idea of equality over time. One interesting feature is the discussion of the role of exclusion in determining among whom should inequality hold. Filled with interesting insights. Equality was the topic of a Stone Center public event

stonecenter.uchicago.edu/events/book-ta…Image
7. Aaron Reeves @aaronsreeves and Sam Friedman @SamFriedmanSoc, Born to Rule: The Making and Remaking of the British Elite

Born to Rule is a tour de force in describing the ways that the British elites have reproduced themselves since the 1890s. Reeves and Friedman demonstrates the relative lack of change in rates of elite reproduction during this time as well as the ways in which members of the elite define and present themselves. As such this book provides essential insights about mobility and about meritocracy.Image
8. Joseph Stiglitz, The Origins of Inequality & Policies to Contain It

This book brings together Joseph Stiglitz's inequality scholarship, which starts with his dissertation. While I have already read most of the articles in this collection, Joe's discussion linking sections of the book, access to some articles I had not seen, and the real pleasure of re-experiencing so many truly profound, path breaking ideas made this book an intellectual highlight of 2025. Especially noteworthy is Stiglitz' early work on wealth dynamics, which precedes modern treatments by decades.Image
9 and 9a. Howard Wainer and Daniel Robinson, Testing and Paradoxes of Fairness; Rebecca Zwick

Howard Wainer and Daniel Robinson provide a state of the art overview on testing, elaborating the state of evidence showing that standardized tests and the like have powerful information on performance. I pair this will a slightly older book by Rebecca Zwick, Who Gets In?, another excellent book, which covers similar material, but is more oriented towards equality issues.Image
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10. David Lay Williams @LayWilliams, The Greatest of All Plagues: How Economic Inequality Shaped Political Thought from Plato to Marx.

The Greatest of All Plagues is a wonderful journey though the role of inequality in political philosophy. The discussion of meritocracy is, for me, especially valuable. David Williams is a leading expert on Rousseau, so that chapter is a particular treat.

Here is a Stone Center book event on The Greatest of All Plagues as well as a podcast with David.

stonecenter.uchicago.edu/events/the-gre…

podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/dav…Image

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More from @sndurlauf

Dec 27, 2025
5 recommended Economics books, 2025

1. Truman Bewley, Price Setting

This book is a bookend to Bewley's 1999 Why Wages Don't Fall During a Recession. Together, these books contain invaluable interview-based information on price determination. Remarkable work from one of the leading figures in mathematical economics for decades.Image
2. Diane Coyle @DianeCoyle1859 , The Measure of Progress: Counting What Really Matters

A superbly written diagnosis of the limits to standard economic measurements, in particular GDP, with important recommendation on how to use asset valuation to capture the value of time and the environment.Image
3. Partha Dasgupta, On Natural Capital: The Value of the World Around Us

A career summarizing work by one of the great minds in the economics profession, addressing deeply and comprehensively on how nature and the environments must be integrated into economic models and measurement. (This book is, I believe available in the US in early 2026; I read the final book draft this year.)Image
Read 5 tweets
Dec 7, 2025
December 8 is the anniversary of the Belovezha Accords, in which Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus declared the Soviet Union replaced with the Commonwealth of Independent States.

I increasingly have come to think the question of why the Soviet Union ended should be replaced with the question of how the Soviet Union endured for as long as it did in light of the horrors of Stalinism, the defects of the economic system, its ideological and moral failures which were manifest from the start of Bolshevik rule (here Emma Goldman's My Disillusionment with Russia is of timeless value.)

Here are some books I have found most valuable in trying to understand this world historical event. Any such event does not reduce to a single cause. That said, I think that ideological failure/exhaustion/disillusionment in both elites and broader public are essential components of the story.
1. Martin Malia's The Soviet Tragedy, is a modern classic and remains the most powerful indictment I have read on the role of Marxist-Leninist ideology as the source of Soviet evils and demise. While there is much to dispute, Malia's arguments have to be addressed by anyone trying to understand the Soviet experience or, for that matter, what is means for socialism to have a future.Image
2. Jack Matlock was US Ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1987 to 1991, and his Autopsy on An Empire is a an extraordinary account from an insider's perspective. Image
Read 10 tweets
Nov 28, 2025
9 Favorite history books of 2025

1. Capitalism: A Global History, by Sven Beckert Image
2. Surviving Rome: The Economic Lives of the Ninety Percent, by Kim Bowes Image
3. The German Empire, 1871-1918 by Roger Chickering Image
Read 9 tweets
Dec 9, 2024
This very important paper by Tim Conley and Morgan Kelly is now forthcoming. The paper addresses a fundamental problem of cross country/region/city regressions: how to account for dependence in unobserved heterogeneity across units.
2/ The paper uses state of the art methods to show that the strength of regression evidence in a set of prominent studies is weaker (and in important cases, much weaker) than stated and construcitively proposes useful diagnostics for sturdier deep roots inference.
3/ What are implications for the papers that are critiqued? Deep roots studies are abductive exercises based on multiple forms of evidence. Each of the papers studied includes a substantive historical argument, with evidence beyond particular regressions.
Read 4 tweets
Jul 15, 2022
1/Latest example of "realist" analysis w/tenuous connections to facts or logic. (I have long given up an expecting any authentic engagement by realists with ethics.)

foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukrai…
2/The absence of serious empirical engagement is evident in nonsensical analogies (comparison of Ukrainian prospects to Battle of the Bulge) and repeated assertions of what is likely versus unlikely.
3/While this shallow, ahistorical view of Ukraine's prospects is standard among realists, what is unique here is the bizarre view of the logic of negotiations. Apparently Western military and financial support of Ukraine works against a negotiated settlement.
Read 5 tweets
Apr 11, 2022
1/@DylanPrimakoff is 100% to be appalled at this interview and to argue that Mearsheimer's blindness to facts on ground wrt Russian atrocities is discrediting to broader claims about the crisis
2/To dismiss civilian killings on grounds that US has pressured Ukraine to arm civilians is ridiculous on its face given killings that have been documented and is an insult to Ukraine. Ukrainians are fighting out of belief in their country, US irrelevant to their heroic actions.
3/JM is self contradictory. First we are told that we have no idea what Putin is thinking. Then we are told that Putin likely has no interest in territorial acquisition, etc.
Read 6 tweets

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