Anish Moonka Profile picture
Feb 8 1 tweets 2 min read Read on X
An experiment at one of India’s most elite engineering colleges changed how scientists look at the Bhagavad Gita.

There is a college in India called BITS Pilani where getting admitted is harder than getting into most Ivy League schools. The students there are trained to think in equations and evidence.

Between 2012 and 2019, over 2,000 of them signed up for an elective course on the Bhagavad Gita. Nobody forced them. Nobody had to. The results were so consistent that it became a peer-reviewed study published on PubMed Central, the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

300 of those students voluntarily wrote about what changed. Clarity of thought. A shift in attitude. Better ability to handle pressure. Sharper decision-making. These are not the kind of things you expect a 5,000 year old text to deliver to engineering students. But that is exactly what happened. Across twelve batches. Over seven years. The same result showing up again and again.

Here is what makes it interesting. These students are trained to be skeptical. They do not take things at face value. Yet batch after batch reported the same thing. An inner calm that helped them stay focused. A framework for thinking that nothing else in their curriculum had offered. When skeptics arrive at the same conclusion independently over seven years, that is not anecdote. That is a pattern.

Most people think the Bhagavad Gita is a religious text. It is not. It is a conversation between a man who is paralyzed by anxiety and someone who teaches him how to think clearly anyway. Krishna does not tell Arjuna what to believe. He teaches him how to act when everything feels impossible. That distinction matters. It is the difference between a prayer book and an operating manual.

There is a concept in the Gita called Nishkama Karma. It means doing your work without being consumed by what happens next. That sounds like philosophy until you realize that modern Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is trying to teach people the exact same thing. Detach from outcomes. Focus on process. Manage your response to what you cannot control. The Gita had this figured out a few thousand years before therapists started charging for it.

During COVID, researchers ran a clinical trial on healthcare workers. Frontline doctors and nurses drowning in stress. One group learned Bhagavad Gita teachings. The control group did not. The Gita group showed statistically significant reductions in anxiety. And here is the part that stopped me. The effects were still holding strong 45 days after the intervention ended. Most stress management techniques fade within a week. This one stuck.

The Bhagavad Gita was written on a battlefield for a man standing in the worst moment of his life. It was not written for temples or retirement. It was written for the moments when your mind is falling apart and you need something that actually works. 2,000 of India’s sharpest minds found that it did. The only real question is why most people will still never open it.

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More from @anishmoonka

May 21
Toru Miyazaki gave 11 cats with advanced kidney disease an experimental injection. 15 others didn’t get it. A year later, 9 of the 11 treated cats were alive. Only 3 of the 15 untreated cats survived. He just filed for approval, and the drug fixes a defect only cats have.

Most cats die from one thing: their kidneys fail. By age 10, 4 in 10 cats already have chronic kidney disease, and by age 15, the rate doubles to 8 in 10. Once diagnosed, a cat has about 2 years left.

The reason kidney disease hits cats so hard is a broken protein in their blood. All mammals carry a protein that helps the kidneys clean out waste. In humans and dogs, the protein floats freely and goes to work when the kidneys are in trouble. In cats, it stays stuck to another protein and can’t get loose. So the waste piles up, and the kidneys eventually give out.

Miyazaki originally found the protein in 1999, back when he was at the University of Tokyo. He figured out the cat-specific glitch in 2015. The paper he published in the Veterinary Journal in February laid out the trial. The injection is a working version of the missing protein. His company, the Institute for AIM Medicine, filed the approval paperwork with Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture on April 24, 2026. If the review clears, the drug goes on sale in spring 2027.

The 30-year lifespan figure in the tweet is Miyazaki’s own projection of what cats could reach without kidney disease. The trial only ran a year, and the average cat today lives 15. Most die from the same disease this injection treats.

The research almost died in 2020. After running out of funding during COVID, Miyazaki went public. Cat owners across Japan responded by sending in 300 million yen, around 2 million dollars total. He resigned from the University of Tokyo and worked on the drug full time. The treatment in front of regulators today exists because cat lovers refused to let the research die.
Thanks for going down this rabbit hole ❤️

Follow @anishmoonka for daily stories across science, history, psychology, culture & AI.

—————

Sources:

Clinical trial paper, Veterinary Journal, Tezuka et al. (Feb 2026): A clinical impact of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage on feline chronic kidney disease sciencedirect.com/science/articl…

Japan Times (April 27, 2026): Japan startup seeks approval of cat kidney disease treatment japantimes.co.jp/news/2026/04/2…

AFP via France24 (April 27, 2026): Japan startup seeks approval of cat kidney disease treatment france24.com/en/live-news/2…

Institute for AIM Medicine official site iamaim.jp/en/

Institute for AIM Medicine topics page (clinical trial announcement) iamaim.jp/en/topics/

University of Tokyo feature on Miyazaki and the AIM protein u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/en/featu…

Catster (Oct 2025): Promising New Feline Kidney Disease Treatment Enters Trials in Japan catster.com/weekly-mews/pr…

Carelogy (April 2026 update): AIM Kidney Drug for Cats - approval update, mechanism, expected cost carelogy-japan.com/en/columns/aim…

Labiotech (Aug 2025): How biotech is improving the life of your cat labiotech.eu/in-depth/cat-b…

Phys.org (April 2026): Japan startup seeks approval of cat kidney disease treatment phys.org/news/2026-04-j…

Mothership.SG (Feb 2026): Japanese doctor develops drug that may double lifespan of cats mothership.sg/2026/02/japane…

Yahoo News: Japanese scientist develops treatment that can help cats live up to 30 years yahoo.com/news/japanese-…

Cornell Feline Health Center: Chronic Kidney Disease in cats vet.cornell.edu/departments-ce…
Part 2. Behind the cat drug story is a bigger study. Miyazaki tracked 423 patients starting dialysis and 563 more with chronic kidney disease. The same protein from the cat trial predicted who would survive longer in humans too. Human kidney disease is next in the pipeline.

In humans, the protein usually works. It floats freely in the blood and attaches to damaged kidney cells, signaling the immune system to remove them. The problem comes when the protein doesn't release from its parent antibody fast enough. The dialysis study found that patients with slow release had higher death rates and more cardiovascular trouble over time. Speed of release became a way to predict risk.

More than 800,000 Americans currently live with end-stage kidney disease, about 517,000 of them on dialysis. Each dialysis patient costs Medicare $87,000 to $110,000 per year. The US dialysis market hit $30.9 billion in 2025 and is projected to nearly double by 2034. Despite recent drug approvals, no treatment has been able to halt or reverse advanced kidney disease.

The cat drug came first for a specific reason. Cats have the simplest version of the problem: replace one broken protein with a working version, and the kidney repair process turns back on. In humans, the protein already works. The challenge there is timing and how to push it to release faster when needed.

In 2024 Miyazaki's lab worked with London's Francis Crick Institute to map the exact shape of how the protein binds to its parent antibody. The paper went into Nature Communications. Knowing the binding shape is what makes designing human treatments possible.

AIM research extends beyond kidneys. Miyazaki's lab has published on its role in autoimmune arthritis, stroke recovery, liver cancer, kidney stones, and glaucoma.

Manufacturing is being set up in Taiwan. The cat drug ships first because it's the cleanest test. Everything else in Miyazaki's pipeline depends on it working.
Read 7 tweets
May 18
Many of them didn't. Your great-great-grandmother was probably drinking opium for her nerves, sold at the corner shop as cheap as a pint of beer. It was called laudanum, a mix of opium and alcohol that doctors handed out for anxiety, sleeplessness, and "women's troubles." Mothers fed it to crying babies. The babies often stopped crying because they stopped breathing.

The men drank. By 1830 the average American was putting away almost two bottles of liquor a week. Whiskey cost less than coffee or milk. People started their day with a shot and ended it with another. Toddlers drank from their parents' rum mugs.

ADHD has a long paper trail. A Scottish doctor described kids who couldn't focus in 1798. By 1846 there was a popular German children's book about a boy called Fidgety Philipp who couldn't sit still. In 1902, a London children's doctor named George Still wrote a famous paper on the same kids and called it a "defect of moral control." Same kid, three different centuries.

Depression and anxiety had old names too. Melancholia, hysteria, the vapors. Treatments included bloodletting, ice baths, and chaining people to a wall. By 1937, American mental hospitals held 451,672 patients and took up more than half of every hospital bed in the country. Inside the walls, about 1 in 10 patients died each year.

Then came the lobotomy. Between 1949 and 1952, around 50,000 Americans were strapped to a chair while a doctor hammered an ice pick through the thin bone above their eye and wiggled it around inside their brain. It took about ten minutes. Sixty percent of the patients were women. About 1 in 20 died from the procedure. Many of the ones who lived came out with no personality left. The man who invented the procedure won a Nobel Prize.

Britain's male suicide rate hit 30.3 per 100,000 in 1905. The lowest rates ever recorded in British history are happening right now.

Plenty of our ancestors didn't make it. They drank themselves dead. They overdosed on shop-bought opium. They got locked in asylums and never came out. They had picks driven through their eye sockets. They killed themselves in numbers we don't see today. The conditions were always there. The treatments just used to be worse than the disease.
Thanks for going down this rabbit hole ❤️

Follow @anishmoonka for daily stories across science, history, psychology, culture & AI.

—————

Sources:

Victorian laudanum pricing and use
historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Hist…

1830 US alcohol consumption per capita
pastemagazine.com/drink/alcohol-…

ADHD historical timeline (Crichton 1798, Still 1902)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_o…

Lobotomy statistics and 1937 asylum population
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobotomy

UK suicide rates 1861-2007 historical trends
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20519333/
Part 2. Bayer invented heroin. The same company that makes your aspirin today trademarked the name in 1898 and sold it over the counter as cough syrup for twelve years, claiming it was non-addictive. Doctors prescribed it for asthma, tuberculosis, headaches, and “women’s troubles.” The ads showed happy children drinking it for their colds.

Heroin wasn’t the only drug at the corner pharmacy. Coca-Cola was invented in 1886 by an American Civil War veteran who came home addicted to morphine and went looking for a substitute. He found one. The original recipe had about 9mg of cocaine per glass, and it was marketed as a “nerve tonic” that could cure depression, anxiety, and exhaustion. Cocaine stayed in Coca-Cola until 1903.

For depression itself, the prescription was mercury. Doctors handed out “blue mass” pills, small pellets of pure mercury mixed with honey and rose petals. A single daily dose contained roughly 9,000 times the mercury the EPA allows today. Side effects included rage attacks, hand tremors, tooth loss, and slow cognitive decline. The pills were sold as cures for “melancholy.”

After the American Civil War, somewhere between 45,000 and 400,000 veterans came home addicted to morphine. Many wore leather pouches around their necks holding morphine sulfate tablets and a hypodermic needle. The army gave it to them on discharge. Doctors called the condition “soldier’s disease.” The men also came back with what doctors called “soldier’s heart,” now diagnosed as PTSD. The treatment for both was more morphine.

You could order all of this through the mail. The Sears Roebuck catalog sold a heroin kit for $1.50: two vials of heroin, a syringe, two needles, and a carrying case, delivered to your door. They sold cocaine for the same price. A pack of cocaine toothache drops cost 15 cents and came in a box decorated with smiling children.

Cocaine was recommended for sinus problems, alcohol withdrawal, and fatigue. People with asthma inhaled opium smoke. The cure for insomnia was chloroform or bromides. Bromides, taken often, sometimes caused a toxic psychosis. Pharmacies stocked all of it, no prescription needed, until 1906, when a new law forced them to start listing the ingredients on labels.

Ancestors took medication constantly: mercury for depression, cocaine for anxiety, heroin for asthma, morphine for everything else. The drugs were just sold next to the toothpaste.
Read 4 tweets
May 18
When someone teaches you something you didn't ask to learn, your brain reacts like it's in physical pain. UCLA scientists watched it happen on brain scans in 2003. The same wiring that fires when you stub your toe also fires when someone treats you like you need fixing.

Naomi Eisenberger and Matthew Lieberman ran the study and published it in Science. The brain region is the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, which is just the fancy name for your main pain alarm. It doesn't care whether the threat is a hot stove or a friend telling you how to live.

A neuroscientist named David Rock built a framework around this in 2008. Five things make the brain feel safe in social moments: status, certainty, autonomy, relatedness, and fairness. Take away any of those and the alarm fires. Rock wrote that one of the easiest ways to dent someone's status is to give them advice they didn't ask for. Even hinting that they're doing something wrong is enough.

When people are told what to do, they often do the opposite, even when the advice was good. The psychologist Jack Brehm noticed this in 1966, and sixty years of follow-up have confirmed it. The brain is trying to keep your life feeling like your own.

Close friends cut each other off with unsolicited advice in about 70% of supportive conversations, often before the friend has even finished explaining the problem. That number comes from a 2016 study by Bo Feng and Eran Magen in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. The closer the friendship, the worse it gets. And the advice tends to make them more stressed, more depressed, and more lonely, not less.

Giving advice gives the giver a sense of power, even when nobody asked for it. Michael Schaerer and his co-authors, working across Harvard, Duke, INSEAD, USC, and Singapore Management, published this in 2018 after four experiments with about 700 people. People who chase power volunteer advice more often than others. Whether the student actually improves is a side effect, if it happens at all.

So when you feel the urge to teach somebody who never asked, that urge is mostly about you. You walk away feeling a little more powerful. They walk away feeling like they were just told they can't run their own life. Most uninvited teaching is one person's ego dressed up as kindness.
Thanks for going down this rabbit hole ❤️

Follow @anishmoonka for daily stories across science, history, psychology, culture & AI.

—————

Sources:

Eisenberger, Lieberman, Williams (2003) - “Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion” - Science vol 302, pp. 290-292
science.org/doi/10.1126/sc…

David Rock (2008) - “SCARF: A Brain-Based Model for Collaborating With and Influencing Others” - NeuroLeadership Journal vol 1 - direct quote on advice as status threat
hrci.org/community/blog…

Jack Brehm (1966) - “A Theory of Psychological Reactance” - Academic Press - foundational text with 60 years of replication
thedecisionlab.com/reference-guid…

Bo Feng and Eran Magen (2016) - “Relationship closeness predicts unsolicited advice giving in supportive interactions” - Journal of Social and Personal Relationships vol 33(6), pp. 751-767 - source of the 70% figure
journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02…

Schaerer, Tost, Huang, Gino, Larrick (2018) - “Advice Giving: A Subtle Pathway to Power” - Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin vol 44(5), pp. 746-761 - four experiments showing advice giving raises giver’s sense of power
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29359627/
Part 2. In 2007, UCLA neuroscientist Matthew Lieberman put 30 people in a brain scanner and showed them angry faces. Just having them pick the word ‘angry’ from a list calmed the part of their brain that handles threat. Naming the feeling turned the alarm down.

The brain region is the amygdala, which is the small almond-shaped switch that fires every time your body senses danger. Lieberman published the result in Psychological Science. The labeling activated another region called the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which is your brain’s word-finder. As the word-finder worked, the threat alarm went quiet.

Advice triggers a threat response. A simple acknowledgment, like ‘that sounds hard,’ fires the word-finder and quiets the threat alarm instead. The same situation produces opposite outcomes, depending on your choice.

In 2017, five Harvard researchers ran three studies on what makes people likable in conversation. Likable people ask more questions, especially follow-up questions. The study even ran speed-dating sessions and found that people who asked more follow-up questions on a date were significantly more likely to get a second one.

John Gottman runs the Love Lab at the University of Washington. Over forty years he has studied what keeps couples together. He calls the small everyday moments ‘bids’: a partner pointing out a bird, mentioning a sore back, asking what’s for dinner. Couples who responded to those small bids about 86% of the time stayed together for life. Couples who responded less than a third of the time tended to divorce. Even a glance or a grunt counts.

So when someone you care about is venting, the move is to name what you are hearing and ask one more question about it. The brain on the other side of the conversation knows the difference. So does the relationship.
Read 4 tweets
May 17
A Belgian psychiatrist watched 400 movies over 3 years to find the most realistic psychopath ever put on screen. Out of 126 fictional killers he studied, the most clinically accurate was Bardem's Anton Chigurh in No Country for Old Men.

Samuel Leistedt is a forensic psychiatrist who's interviewed convicted murderers his entire career. Asked who Chigurh reminded him of, he named two professional hitmen from his own practice. His words: "Cold, smart. No guilt, no anxiety, no depression."

The paper came out in the Journal of Forensic Sciences in 2014. Leistedt and a colleague diagnosed every famous film psychopath against clinical criteria. Take Hannibal Lecter, with his eerie speeches and dinner-party manners, way too theatrical for any actual psychopath. Patrick Bateman from American Psycho was pure fantasy. Norman Bates from Psycho had a completely different mental illness. Movie killers usually shout. Real ones are quiet.

Bardem almost said no to the role. He told the Coen brothers: "Listen, I'm the wrong actor. I don't drive, I speak bad English, and I hate violence." The Coens replied: "Maybe that's why we called you."

Then they stripped his dialogue. In Cormac McCarthy's novel, Chigurh talks a lot about fate and free will. In the film, he barely speaks. The Coens wanted him to feel like he came from another planet, modeled on the alien arrival in The Man Who Fell to Earth, the 1976 David Bowie movie.

His weapon is a captive bolt pistol. Farmers use it to stun cattle before slaughter, one quiet thud and the cow drops. McCarthy gave him that gun for a reason. Chigurh sees the humans around him as livestock.

Then the haircut, what finally convinced Bardem to take the role. Tommy Lee Jones, who plays the sheriff, brought a book to set. Inside was a photo from the 50s or 60s of some guy in a Mexican border-town brothel with a strange bowl cut. The Coens showed it to their stylist Paul LeBlanc and said: make Javier look like that. Strange and unsettling. LeBlanc mixed medieval English warrior cuts with the Beatles-era mop top.

Bardem hated wearing it. He fell into a depression over it. Fellow actors said he could barely leave his hotel. But every morning he told LeBlanc the hair was working. Every morning it pushed him deeper into the character.

The coin toss scene with the gas station owner, the one everyone remembers, was shot in just a couple of takes. Bardem was thrown by how fast it went. "I was like, what? Really? After months of preparing this is it?"

He swept that year: Oscar, BAFTA, Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, Critics' Choice. First Spanish actor to win an Academy Award.

Out of nearly a century of cinema and 126 fictional killers studied by practicing psychiatrists, the most accurate portrayal of a psychopath came from a Spanish actor who couldn't drive, hated violence, and was so depressed about his haircut he could barely leave the house.
Thanks for going down this rabbit hole ❤️

Follow @anishmoonka for daily stories across science, history, psychology, culture & AI.

—————

Sources:

Leistedt & Linkowski 2014 study on psychopathy in cinema, published in Journal of Forensic Sciences (primary source): onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/15…

Science News breakdown of the Leistedt study, including the “cold, smart, no guilt, no anxiety, no depression” hitmen quote: sciencenews.org/blog/gory-deta…

Far Out Magazine on Anton Chigurh being voted the most realistic psychopath, with Leistedt’s direct quotes on the character: faroutmagazine.co.uk/anton-chigurh-…

SlashFilm on Bardem’s Vanity Fair interview about the haircut, his depression over it, and the photo origin story: slashfilm.com/963589/javier-…

SlashFilm on the Coens stripping Chigurh’s dialogue and the “from Mars” / Man Who Fell to Earth casting logic: slashfilm.com/1148606/preser…
Part 2. Carter Burwell wrote 16 minutes of music for No Country for Old Men. Six of those minutes are end credits. Strip them out and a two-hour thriller has about ten minutes of score across every shootout, every chase, every coin toss.

The Coens did this on purpose. Sound editor Skip Lievsay told the New York Times in 2008 that the standard Hollywood thriller cues the audience with music. The score tells you when to feel scared. The Coens wanted that gone. "The idea here was to remove the safety net," Lievsay said. The viewer is stuck in the room with the violence with nothing to lean on.

Joel was skeptical at first. Ethan pushed the no-music idea, and Joel only agreed after they watched the first edited version of the film together. He later told the Times, "It pretty much told us that we didn't need any."

The music that does exist is built to be invisible. Burwell scored the film with electronic tones and singing bowls, the metal cups Buddhist monks rub for meditation. In the gas station coin toss scene he tuned an ambient hum to 60 hertz, the exact frequency a refrigerator buzzes at. The audience hears it as room noise. Several reviewers walked out swearing the scene had no music at all.

The weapons got the same treatment. For the captive bolt pistol, sound designer Craig Berkey used a pneumatic nail gun. He told an interviewer in 2007 he never researched real cattle guns. "I wasn't looking for authenticity."

The silenced shotgun is the strangest mix in the movie. Berkey layered three sounds. A low "thwump-pop" he found on a stray production recording from one of the scenes. A short rising tone made from a sped-up servo motor. And a sped-up, reversed recording of a woman screaming. None of those would work alone. Stacked together they make a sound your ear cannot file as a gunshot. The Coens picked the version that made the movie.

Burwell almost did not submit the score for an Oscar. He felt it was too short to count, and probably too sunk into the sound design to be called music. Miramax pushed him to submit. He was not nominated. The film won four Oscars without him.

The motel shootout is the proof. Almost no dialogue, almost no music, just footsteps on carpet, breathing, and a stop sign blowing in the wind outside. People still talk about that scene almost twenty years later. The silence is the reason.
Read 5 tweets
May 16
Researchers at the University of Bergen ran a study comparing 213 Sudanese men. Half brushed their teeth with a chewed tree root. Half used a regular plastic toothbrush. The tree root group came out with healthier gums and less plaque.

That stick is called a miswak. The WHO has been quietly recommending it since 1986. In 2011, scientists at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute finally cracked the chemistry.

The active ingredient is benzyl isothiocyanate, a natural plant defense compound from the same family of sulfur molecules that give cabbage and mustard their sharp bite. The compound punches through the outer wall of bacteria that cause gum disease. From there, it dismantles the chemistry that keeps the bacteria alive. The Karolinska team isolated it by running root extracts through a chemical analyzer that identifies individual molecules.

The stick comes from the Salvadora persica tree, which grows in dry parts of Africa, the Middle East, and India. Inside the wood you also find natural fluoride, a gentle abrasive called silica that polishes off plaque, sulfur compounds, and tannins that tighten gum tissue. A separate team at Sweden’s University of Gothenburg ran another trial. They soaked the sticks in a fluoride solution. The fluoride left in the test group’s saliva came out higher than what people got from regular fluoride toothpaste.

A more recent systematic review pulled together a stack of randomized trials. Miswak on its own controlled plaque about as well as a regular toothbrush. Used alongside the toothbrush, it actually beat brushing alone on both plaque and gum inflammation scores. The Princess Nourah University trial from 2024 complicates that. Over two weeks, the miswak group’s plaque held steady while the toothbrush group’s dropped further. And gums in the miswak group got noticeably worse for people who sawed at their teeth too hard. Aggressive horizontal scrubbing tears at the soft tissue along the gum line.

One stick costs under 10 cents in the regions where the tree grows, and a single twig lasts for weeks. In sub-Saharan Africa, herbal toothpastes built around miswak and neem (another bitter chewing-stick tree) made up over a quarter of toothpaste sales in 2023.

The honest caveat is that Western dental literature treats the miswak as an add-on rather than a replacement, mostly because reaching the back molars with a stick is awkward. Used correctly, with soft perpendicular brushing along the gum line and no aggressive sawing, it does what a toothbrush does and adds a low-grade antibiotic on top. For most of human dental history, this is what cleaning your teeth looked like.
Thanks for going down this rabbit hole ❤️

Follow @anishmoonka for daily stories across science, history, psychology, culture & AI.

—————

Sources:

Sofrata et al. 2011, Karolinska Institute isolating BITC: journals.plos.org/plosone/articl…

Darout, Albandar, Skaug 2000, University of Bergen study of 213 Sudanese men: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10809396/

Princess Nourah University 2024 RCT (60 participants, two weeks): pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11…

Vejendla 2025 systematic review of randomized miswak trials, Scientifica: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/sc…

University of Gothenburg fluoridated miswak vs fluoride toothpaste: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349908/
Part 2. Researchers at the University of Arkansas examined the teeth of Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania. The men still living in the bush, eating wild food and brushing with chewing sticks, had cavities on 52% of their teeth. The women in those same camps had cavities on just 16%.

The difference is honey. The Hadza get about 15% of their yearly calories from wild honey. The men go further. When they leave camp to forage, that proportion explodes. Field studies tracking what they ate on hunting trips found honey made up 85% of the calories they consumed before returning home.

Honey is roughly 80% sugar. The bacteria that cause cavities don’t care whether the sugar comes from a soda can, a bag of white flour, or a wild beehive. Streptococcus mutans, the main cavity-causing microbe in the human mouth, ferments all of them into the same acid. That acid dissolves enamel. Cavities are the receipt.

The bush women don’t eat honey. They eat fibrous tubers and wild plants, and the grit on those tubers actually scrubs their teeth while they chew. Among Hadza women who had moved to villages and adopted a maize-heavy diet, the cavity rate jumped from 16% of teeth to 42%.

The Hadza bush men are not outliers. The average American adult brushes twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and still walks around with 9 teeth out of roughly 28 that are decayed, missing, or filled. That works out to about a third of every American mouth. The Hadza bush men have cavities on more than half of theirs.

The pattern repeats across populations. Pre-agricultural hunter-gatherers in Neolithic China had cavities on around 3% of their teeth, while intensive millet farmers in the same region jumped to 14%. The carbohydrate load on the bacteria is what moves the rate. Brushing helps at the margins but doesn’t determine the outcome.

The miswak helps. So does fluoride toothpaste. The Hadza bush men use the chewing stick the WHO has been recommending for forty years, and they still have cavities on more than half their teeth, because they love honey. You cannot brush your way out of a diet that gives bacteria a steady supply of fuel.
Read 5 tweets
May 15
The musty wet-rag smell on damp clothes is bacteria. A bug called Moraxella osloensis lives on your skin, gets onto fabric every time you wash, and once that fabric stays damp past 4 hours, it starts doubling. What you're smelling is the acid it leaves behind as waste.

Japanese researchers at Moriyama University figured this out in 2012. They counted 10 times more of this bug on smelly towels than on clean ones. It survives any wash below 60°C, or 140°F. Most people wash much cooler.

The fungi behind athlete's foot, ringworm, and jock itch also live on damp clothes. A 2010 paper from the Hohenstein Institutes in Germany found that about 10% of the infectious material jumps from a contaminated piece of clothing to a clean one just by sitting in the same laundry basket. And wet fabric passes 200 times more bacteria to your skin than dry fabric.

Then there's the air. One wet load of laundry releases about 2 litres of water, around half a gallon, into the room. The UK's Centre for Sustainable Energy ran the numbers: drying one load in a small bedroom, around 10 by 10 feet, pushes humidity to roughly 96%. A tropical rainforest sits between 77 and 88%. Mould starts growing at 60%.

The fungus that loves these conditions is Aspergillus fumigatus. Professor David Denning at the National Aspergillosis Centre in Manchester has treated patients who developed a chronic lung infection from inhaling spores that grew in bedrooms where wet laundry was drying on the radiator. His team estimates 87% of UK homes dry their clothes indoors during winter.

So a shirt that didn't quite dry has live bacteria still multiplying on it. The air around it is wetter than a rainforest. And the fungi growing in that air are the same ones hospitals treat for invasive lung infections.

Your washing machine cleans the dirt. Your dryer kills the bugs.
Thanks for going down this rabbit hole ❤️

Follow @anishmoonka for daily stories across science, history, psychology, culture & AI.

—————

Sources:

Moraxella osloensis as primary cause of laundry malodor — Kubota et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2012 journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.11…

Dermatophyte transfer between fabrics in laundry baskets — Hammer, Mucha & Hoefer, Mycopathologia, Hohenstein Institutes, 2010 link.springer.com/article/10.100…

Indoor laundry drying and humidity load — Daisy Winter, Centre for Sustainable Energy, via BBC Gardeners World gardenersworld.com/news/the-truth…

Aspergillus fumigatus from indoor wet laundry — Prof David Denning, National Aspergillosis Centre, University of Manchester manchester.ac.uk/about/news/why…

Bacterial transfer rates from wet vs dry fabric to skin — Mackintosh & Hoffman review summarised in European Tissue infection-risk report europeantissue.com/wp-content/upl…
Part 2. Damp clothes feel colder because they actually are: water against your skin pulls heat from your body 25 times faster than air does. That half-dry shirt you just took out of the dryer is dragging your core temperature down whether you notice or not.

Princeton’s Outdoor Action program has the numbers. Normally your body loses about 2% of its heat through direct contact with surfaces. Wet clothes push that loss up to 10-15%. Combined, the effect is enough to cause hypothermia at 60°F. The UK recorded 132 hypothermia deaths across the summers of 2008 to 2010.

Hikers have a one-word warning: cotton. Cotton can absorb up to 27 times its weight in water. Once it gets wet, it loses its insulating air pockets, holds moisture flat against your skin, and dries slower than any synthetic. In 2005, a hiker in the Alaska Range was found dead from hypothermia in early autumn. The state trooper’s report flagged that his entire outfit was cotton.

Evaporation does its own damage. Every gram of water leaving a wet shirt pulls about 2,400 joules of heat from your body. A T-shirt damp with 100g of moisture costs you roughly 58 calories of warmth before it fully dries. Your body fights this by shivering, pulling blood away from your hands and feet, and releasing stress hormones.

A shirt that comes out of the dryer still slightly damp will keep cooling you for hours as it dries. Sit in a 68°F office in that shirt and your body is fighting heat loss the whole time.

Dry cotton, synthetics, and merino wool all trap warm air against your skin. Wet fabric does the opposite. It pulls heat out.

Drying a shirt does two things: it removes the water, and it keeps your body at 98.6°F.
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