The great men of history read intensively — it's how they gained an edge over their rivals.
We can do the same, today.
So here are the classics that influenced the greats, from ancient warriors to modern emperors🧵
Alexander
According to Plutarch, Alexander was given an annotated copy of the Iliad by Aristotle which he carried with him everywhere.
He considered it a “perfect portable treasure of all military virtue and knowledge” and was especially fascinated by the character Achilles.
Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius was extremely well-read. His tutor Fronto described how the emperor read works of Cato the Elder, Cicero, Lucretius, and Seneca in addition to numerous Greek tragedies.
In 1962, C.S. Lewis was asked to name the books that had most influenced his thought.
The list he came up with was packed with time-honored classics.
Here’s his list of 10 works🧵
1. The Consolation of Philosophy, Boethius
Written while he awaited execution, the work is a dialogue between Boethius and Lady Philosophy who consoles the author by discussing the fleeting nature of worldly goods. It influenced the late-antique mind more than any other work.
2. Theism and Humanism, Arthur Balfour
Based on a 1914 lecture, Balfour discusses naturalism and challenges adherents to explain phenomena like art, human reason, and human rights. He states:
“My desire has been to show that all we think best in human culture…requires God…”
Ever wonder how the West gained geographical and cultural influence over its global peers?
Historian Niall Ferguson claims in his book “Civilization” that the West gained its power by embracing six killer applications — what are they?🧵
1. Competition
During the 15th century European powers competed globally to acquire resources, especially spices, fueling an arms race in maritime expansion—Europe’s “spice race”.
Meanwhile, China embraced an isolationist policy after Zheng He’s last voyage in the 1430’s.
The extreme political and religious divisions in Europe also differed from the cultural uniformity of the Chinese Empire. These divisions created competition between and within European states, increasing the desire to create colonies overseas.
On May 20th, 1910, nine kings gathered at Windsor for the funeral of King Edward VII.
The photograph they took is a stark reminder of how drastically European leadership has changed—the men pictured remain symbols of a bygone era of monarchy.
Who were they?🧵
King Haakon VII of Norway (top row, far left)
Ruled from November 1905 until his death in 1957. After the 1905 dissolution of the union between Sweden and Norway, he became the first independent Norwegian monarch since Olaf II in 1387.
Tsar Ferdinand of the Bulgarians (top row, second from left)
Ruled as Tsar during the tumultuous First World War. After a series of military setbacks in 1918, he abdicated the throne in a bid to save the monarchy. His eldest son succeeded him, becoming Tsar Boris III.