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#Thread #OTD Sultan Abdülhamid Khan II was born, The reformist "founder of Modern Turkey" Sultan ruled & kept ailing #OttomanEmpire strong fr 33 yrs. One f the Global Icons of Muslim Ummah in Modern era, seen as one of the Caliphs who tried to return Caliphate to Islamic roots.
Among the #Ottoman sultans, #Abdülhamid used the title of #caliph the most. He encouraged Islamic Identity, telling Muslims living under European powers to unite into one polity. He attempted to expand Islam by sending religious teachers as far away as South Africa and Japan. 
Sultan emphasized the Empire's "Islamic" character, reasserted his status as the Caliph, and called for #MuslimUnity behind the Caliphate. He succeeded briefly in reasserting Islamic power. This threatened several European Colonial Powers Like Austria, Russia, France, & Britain.
René Guénon’s association with #Islam and #Sufism is seen sometimes in connection with his acquaintance with ‘Abd al-Halim Mahmud, Shaykh #AlAzhar 1973-1978, defender of Sufism and author of a short book 1955 on #Guénon 1/
However, his #Sufism is never far removed from his #traditionalism and in the earliest period it seemed to have been associated with his engagement with esotericism before WW1 #Paris 2/
His first initiation into #Sufism along with initiations into #Buddhism and #Freemasonry began during his period in the #GnosticChurch and his work on #LaGnose journal when he met Ivan Aguéli in 1909 3/
René Guénon (1886-1951) was as I mentioned recently perhaps the most prominent #traditionalist of the 20thC - a thread on him 1/
Starting from his interests in #traditionalist Catholic circles, #Freemasonry, #occultism he studied mathematics and philosophy and later #Indology at the #EPHE in #Paris 2/
