The Genocide of the Greeks is the deliberate and systematic extermination, until 1923, of the Greek populations of Eastern Thrace and Asia Minor (mainly Ionia, Cappadocia, Pontus, Bithynia), beginning with the Massacre of the Economy on January 25, 1913, by the mechanisms of the Ottoman government of the nationalist Young Turks and the Turkish nationalist movement of Mustafa Kemal.
The genocide of the Greeks took place alongside genocides against other Christian populations of the Ottoman Empire, i.e. the Armenians and the Assyrians.
Estimates of human losses in the period from 1912 to 1922 reach according to some scholars to 800,000 - 1,200,000 souls.
In 1998, the Hellenic Parliament voted unanimously to declare September 14 as "the day of national remembrance of the Genocide of the Greeks of Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace by the Turkish State". The consideration of these events, which for decades were called by the Greeks the "Asia Minor Catastrophe", as genocide is a controversial point in Greece among historians, intellectuals and refugee organizations. Those who question the appropriateness of the term "genocide" belong to the mainstream of the community of Greek historians.
Reasons:
Political factors
The fate of the Greek populations of the Ottoman Empire, during the last decades of its existence, is directly linked to the peak of Turkish nationalism, as expressed by the ideology of the Young Turks. The movement of the latter, which broke out in 1908, was a decisive point in Turkish history and at the same time a station for the course of Hellenism in the country. The Greek Orthodox Christians of Asia Minor themselves in the last period of Ottoman rule identified themselves as "Romans" (Turkish: Rum), which indicated their Byzantine-Roman origin and their Greek Orthodox identity, the most basic component of which was the Christian faith, while they used the name "Greeks" for the nationals of the Greek state.
The title carried by the party of the Young Turks, "Union and Progress", was suitable to move all the nations of the Ottoman Empire, but without creating commitments for the Young Turks. But the optimistic interpretation of the term "Union", i.e. the unity of the subjects of the Empire, had been interpreted by the Young Turks as the assimilation of minorities with violent state intervention and not finally as a parallel peaceful existence. The plans for a mono-ethnic Turkish state were announced by the leader of the Neo-Turks, Nazim Bey, in an interview that was also published in "Athens", on 9/8/1908. In essence, many measures announced in favor of, in theory, equality, ultimately proved in practice to be means of oppression of the Greek subjects of the Empire, such as compulsory conscription and the removal of the privileges of the communities.
At the same time, the territorial shrinking of the Ottoman Empire caused a further rise in Turkish nationalism, while the country's minorities were treated with open hostility. During that period (1908-1912) a series of rebellions and wars broke out, such as with Italy and the Christian countries of the Balkans (First Balkan War).
Economic Factors:
An additional reason that caused the genocide was the economic factor. Much of the trade and industry had been concentrated in the hands of the Greeks, which was an obstacle to the Germans' quest to complete economic penetration of the underdeveloped Ottoman Empire. To this end, propaganda leaflets of the German Bank of Palestine, in 1915, urged the Turks not to have any economic relationship with Greeks and Armenians.
German military officers indicated the displacement of the Greek populations of eastern Thrace and Asia Minor, during World War I, with the aim of systematically planning the mass transportation of thousands of Greeks, theoretically for "military reasons", which in practice, aimed at their physical extermination.
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Phase I: 1913-1914
The prelude to these policies was the commercial blockade of the period 1909-1911, while in July 1913 a dictatorship was established by the New Turkish Committee. The beginning of generalized persecutions began at the end of 1913, with the end of the Balkan Wars, while the initial target was the Greek populations of Eastern Thrace. However, with the guidance of German advisors of the Ottoman Empire, from May 1914, the persecutions were also extended to western Asia Minor.
Mass displacement operations:
Programming and support from German consultants
The displacement of the Greek residents from these areas was done under the pretext of the security of the borders of the Ottoman Empire with Greece, with the parallel support of Germans. But the Greek state, at that time, was neutral in World War I, while King Constantine was pro-German. Nevertheless, the Greek communities, without exception, were considered suspicious by the Turkish authorities.
In an order of the Ottoman Government on May 14, 1914, which was leaked to the European press, instructions were given for carrying out the displacement of the Greek population, while they were reminded that the displaced had to sign certificates that they were voluntarily leaving their homes. For the displacements it seems that methods inspired by German advisers were used. Already at the end of 1913, the military administration of Turkey had been taken over by the German general Lyman von Saunders. The latter considered the removal of the Greek populations from the areas adjacent to Greece, namely the western coasts of Asia Minor, as imperative. The zone that had to be evacuated by the Greeks started from the area of Adramyttios, north, as far as opposite Samos, while it also included a few tens of kilometers inland.
Implementation:
The evacuation operation was coordinated and uniform in all the settlements. Initially, there was an organized anti-Greek campaign in the Turkish press and pressure was intensified to cause the voluntary flight of the Greek population. At the same time, armaments were given to the Turkish population, while the possession of weapons was forbidden to the Greeks. Also, a temporary gendarmerie was created, purely from Turks, to undertake the evacuation operation. Finally, those who did not manage to escape to Greece, which at that time received the first wave of refugees, were displaced to the interior of Asia Minor.
The total number of displaced people from western Asia Minor (before the Ottoman Empire entered World War I), according to the statistics of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, was 153,890 Greeks, in this phase of the persecutions. The Greek element was then expelled mainly from the region of Erythraia, Adramyttio, Dikeli, Pergamum and Phocaea. In fact, in Fokaia, the evacuation operation was accompanied by extremes and massacres against the civilian population.
On the other hand, the Hellenism of the large urban centers, Constantinople and Smyrna, was not displaced due to practical difficulties encountered in the project. But statements by Ottoman officials caused particular panic about the future of the communities of these urban centers, with the result that a large number left them. At the same time, the economic blockade, the persecution of specific personalities and the removal of the old privileges of the communities, created a climate of terrorism, while on August 22, the metropolitan palace in Smyrna was besieged which finally resulted in the exile of Metropolitan Chrysostomos by the Ottoman authorities. Characteristic of the abandonment was the decrease in the number of students in the Greek schools of Istanbul by 30%-40%
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Protests from the Greek Government:
The Greek reaction to the persecutions was expressed in a strong style with two verbal communications to the Ottoman authorities. Especially the second had the effect of postponing the evacuation of Ayvali. At that time, it was agreed, at a diplomatic level, to create a joint commission, with the aim of exchanging Greeks from Asia Minor, with Turks from the regions that Greece had incorporated during the Balkan Wars. But even after the formation of the committee, the persecution of the Greek population did not stop. In fact, organized gangs of miscreants, as well as the sketchy Turkish gendarmerie, were often out of control, and murders were carried out. At the same time, the obstruction of the High Gate in the matter of the recognition of the movable property of the Greek population led to the wreck of the project undertaken by the committee.
Protests were even made inside the Ottoman Parliament, by the MP of Aidini, Emmanuel Emmanuelides, for the continuation of the persecutions.
Phase II: 1914-1918
New measures to exterminate minorities:
The entry of the Ottoman Empire into World War I also marked the beginning of new waves of persecution. Initially, a series of economic measures were implemented to meet the needs of the war. In addition to the abolition of confessions, requisitions were carried out with purely national distinctions within the population, while even luxury items were requisitioned, theoretically for war needs. In 1915, the Ottoman government, in its attempt to place trade exclusively in Turkish hands, established an exclusively Muslim company in Smyrna, which exercised a monopoly on imports and exports. In addition, the Ottoman authorities demanded the dismissal of all Greeks employed in foreign businesses in Smyrna and their replacement by Muslims.
Another important measure that activated the next phase of mass exterminations, while initially appearing as a measure to promote minority equality, was military service. The mass conscription decree applied to all Ottoman citizens between the ages of 20 and 45, with the possibility of redemption. But those who were over 45 years old, were forced to work in the infamous "Work Squads", which were essentially concentration camps for the extermination of the Greek, but also the other Christian populations of the country. That is, for the older ages military service was replaced by forced labor in quarries, mines, roads and fields. The marches to the interior of Asia Minor were carried out in miserable conditions, while those who survived the inhuman trek and epidemics ended up and were taken malnourished to the depths of Asia Minor, to Ankara, Iconium, Sebastia, Theodosioupoli (Erzerum) and Mersini.
According to the report of Greek members of the Turkish Parliament submitted in 1918, the total victims of the persecutions, dead and displaced, are estimated at 750,000.
The "Labor Categories" (Amele Taburu):
The displacements of Greek populations in western Asia Minor became widespread from the moment the military operation in the Dardanelles began, in February 1915. The displacements served to create purely Turkish populations in the region. In fact, it was announced to the displaced that this measure was necessary due to the supposed danger from the allied fleet. But immediately after their departure, Turkish populations from neighboring areas occupied their houses. From the coordinated execution of this measure in all the settlements of the region, it is clear that it was devised by a central organ of the Ottoman authority.
The Turkish gendarmerie appeared in the persecuted settlements with express orders from the Ottoman administration. The residents were immediately gathered at a central point (usually in the square) and from there they were ordered to depart to an unknown point. Displaced persons were strictly forbidden to carry food, clothing or mattresses with them. 👇
Oğuz Kağan, dünyayı fethedip adaletle yönetse de,
Her insanoğlu gibi o da bir gün yaşlanmış.
Çünkü "Zamanı Tanrı yaratır, kişioğlu hep ölmek için varmış."
Oğuz Kağan, uçmağa giden kutlu yolun yakın olduğunu anladığında,
Toy kurup çocuklarını başına toplamış.
Tanrı'nın birliğini, törenin yolunu anlattıktan sonra:
"Sadaklarınızdan bir ok alın ve kırın." diye emretmiş.
Hepsi sadaklarından birer ok çıkarıp tek olan oklarını kırmışlar.
Bunun üzerine Oğuz Kağan çocuklarına:
"Şimdi on ok çıkarın ve kırın." diye emretmiş.
Çocukları sadaklarından onar ok çıkarmış; ne kadar deneseler de hiçbiri on oku kırmayı başaramamış.
Die Diskussionen der letzten Tage rund um den Auftritt von Daniel Günther bei Markus Lanz haben zu vielem angeregt –
▶️ doch dieses Beispiel, welches von Vertretern von Nius auf X verbreitet wurde, ist an GESCHMACKLOSIGKEIT kaum zu überbieten.
▶️ Hierfür hat man sich zunächst eines echten Fotos von Daniel Günther bedient, welches im Rahmen des
‼️Holocaust-Gedenktages 2023 entstanden ist und von uns als CDU-Landtagsfraktion zum GEDENKEN genutzt wurde.
Anschließend hat man die Botschaft des Bildes so bearbeitet, um es für seine ▶️ SCHMUTZKAMPAGNE und FALSCHBEHAUPTUNGEN zu verwenden.
1).
„Robina Aminian’s parents arrived in the iranian capital early in the morning on friday. They found their daughter among hundreds of bodies. She had a bullet wound in the back of her head. Many of the other victims were also young women with injuries in the neck and face.
2).
The bodies were supposed to stay where they were. The mother ignored the order and stealthily took her daughter’s body away. They drove for six hours with her lifeless form in the back of the car, crying the whole way.
[...]
3).
Verified footage from various parts of the country showed iranians searching for the bodies of loved ones in makeshift or overcrowded morgues.
With an ambitious new health care plan proposed by the Trump administration, you should read some of the recent pieces on the subject at @commonplc. Quick 🧵👇
And out this week is @Chris_Griz on why market concentration looms over the health care industry, undercutting more a more hands-off approach: commonplace.org/p/chris-griswo…
For a real and much-needed alternative to Obamacare, dive into @ChrisEmper’s explanation of community health centers, and why they could unlock better outcomes for patients: commonplace.org/p/chris-emper-…
Bueno, como el otro dia no tenia tiempo voy a hacer una breve exposicion esperando que se tenga en cuenta las limitaciones del formato. Considero que no se esta comprendiendo el lugar de la interpretacion en el conocer, y su necesidad como forma de conciencia. Si puede
presentarse una «multiplicidad de particularidades subjetivas» dentro del pensamiento marxista, y lo hace mediante un «marco teorico» concreto desde el cual las categorias —escindidas de su genesis— se presentan como autosuficientes en su unidad. La «subjetividad» concreta
que se enfrenta a la lectura general lo realiza respecto a las determinaciones como un contenido que ya se encuentra realizado, contenido que a su vez se le presenta como representacion exterior y exterioridad que tiene su razon de ser como «conocer individual» que deja de ser
ΔΗΜΗΤΡΗΣ ΧΟΡΝ: Η απόλυτη λατρεία…
🧵
Στην οδό Σταδίου,στο κέντρο της Αθήνας,γεννιέται στις 9/3/1921 το τρίτο παιδί του θεατρικού συγγραφέα Παντελή Χορν κ της Ευτέρπης Αποστολίδη.
Λίγο νωρίτερα, η οικογένεια έχει χάσει τη μοναχοκόρη τους Νανά κ ευελπιστεί να την αντικαταστήσει⬇️
Όμως ο μικρός Δημήτρης έρχεται στη ζωή τους, όχι μόνο για να συντροφέψει το 10χρονο αδελφό του Γιάννη, αλλά κυρίως για να λάμψει κ να αγαπηθεί πολύ. Πρωτίστως από τη μητέρα του, που πάντα αναρωτιόταν «Πως είναι δυνατόν ο Τάκης μου, με τόσο μεγάλα μάτια να έχει μυωπία;»⬇️
Από μωρό ακόμη στο σανίδι κ τα παρασκήνια, στα χειροκροτήματα κ το φως πρωτοεμφανίζεται στο θέατρο
στην αγκαλιά της νονάς του Κυβέλης, στο έργο «Γειτόνισσες», ενώ σε ηλικία 4 ετών κ πάλι με τη νονά του, στο έργο «Νόρα» του Ίψεν, παίζει ένα από τα παιδιά της ηρωίδας.⬇️
@samueloakford @Shayan86 1).
„The U.S.-based Human Rights Activists News Agency estimates that more than 2,500 [2,677] people have been killed since protests began on Dec. 28, including 147 [163] members of the security forces [1],
@samueloakford @Shayan86 2).
making this wave of violence far deadlier than any previous Iranian state response to public protest [2].”
Pese a los acuerdos y mediaciones, las violaciones se cuentan por cientos. Desplazamientos masivos, hambre y ataques a civiles persisten bajo el nombre de “tregua”.
#Gaza #DerechosHumanos #ONU #CrisisHumanitaria
Datos de la ONU muestran colapso en vivienda, salud, agua y educación. Sin rendición de cuentas ni acceso humanitario pleno, no hay paz posible.
#Palestina #Gaza #AltoElFuegoYa #Justicia
Caracas resiste mientras Washington presiona.
#Venezuela #Caracas #geopolitica
Entre sanciones, amenazas y retórica de intervención, #Venezuela reivindica independencia política frente a #EEUU El pulso continúa.
#Maduro #Intervención #CrisisPolítica #americalatinalibre
Por primera vez desde la Guerra Fría, los arsenales nucleares aumentan y los acuerdos de control se vacían de contenido. Más retórica agresiva, menos normas compartidas. #NoProliferación #Desarme #geopolitica
Más bombas, más ciberamenazas y sistemas frágiles elevan el riesgo de una escalada accidental. Urgen diálogo, confianza y un sistema basado en reglas.
#Paz #Diplomacia #NPT #TPNW
🌍Mundo ✍️Larry C. Johnson
La tensión entre EE. UU. e Irán entra en una nueva fase. Nada indica aún un colapso del régimen.
#Irán #Geopolítica #EEUU
El Plan De La CIA y El Mossad Para Una “Revolución de Colores” En Irán Fracasó @kritik_bakis aracılığıylakritikbakis.com/es/el-plan-de-…
Las protestas en Irán generaron gran impacto mediático, pero sin control del ejército ni de los servicios de seguridad, un cambio de régimen sigue siendo improbable. La narrativa externa no siempre refleja la realidad interna.
#Irán #RevoluciónDeColores #PolíticaGlobal #Seguridad
#Washington evalúa opciones no letales ciberoperaciones, sanciones, apoyo tecnológico mientras #Teheran refuerza el control interno. El pulso entre presión externa y estabilidad del régimen continúa. #Iran #CiberGuerra #Starlink #OrienteMedio #Geopolítica
🇮🇱🇮🇷‼️IN TEL AVIV demonstrieren Israelis jetzt für das iranische Volk. Auf einem Plakat steht: „57 muslimische Staaten, Milliarden von Muslimen – und kein Wort zur Verurteilung des Massakers im Iran!“
Gleichzeitig hören wir, dass die Proteste in Iran weitergehen und dass die Revolutionsgarde der Islamischen Republik des Mullah-Regimes ihrem Volk neue repressive Gesetze auferlegt, wie zum Beispiel „Das Internet bleibt noch lange gesperrt – gewöhnt euch
an die neue Realität!“ und „Ihr dürft das Land nur ohne euer Handy verlassen“ – damit die grausamen Fotos nicht weltweit veröffentlicht werden. Übrigens hat Regierungschef Netanjahu mit Putin über den Iran gesprochen.
Should you hold $CYPH?
Breaking down Cypher tokenomics.
Cypher is a DEX + launchpad, with plans to expand further.
The token model looks non-trivial, so I decided to analyze whether it actually works.
(1/12)
Many people are watching this project.
Reportedly, it was built by the former Camelot DEX team (did not verify).
Looks like the first attempt didn’t work — now a second one 😁 (2/12)
I also noticed Algebra listed in revenue distribution.
As I understand it, this is DEX infrastructure software. (2/12)
Cypher doesn’t rely on a single token.
The system includes $CYPH, xCYPH, and oCYPH.
This is where the design becomes interesting. (3/12)
Today the Federal Court of Appeal is releasing its decision in the legal challenge to Trudeau's use of the Emergencies Act in 2022. The Act, which had never been used before, grants the government extraordinary powers. We at the CCF challenged it and won. This is what happened
The Freedom Convoy emerged as a protest movement following nearly two years of pandemic-related restrictions across Canada. At the most basic level, the protests can be understood as sparked by a newly imposed vaccine mandate for cross-border commercial truckers.
But this policy is better understood as the straw that broke the camel’s back. The protest was in fact motivated by widespread exhaustion with public health measures and restrictions in the name of COVID-19 prevention, and vaccination mandates in particular.
1).
„Predator is one of the most invasive spywares on the market. If successfully deployed and installed on a smartphone, it can hack the most up-to-date versions of Apple and Google's mobile operating systems, according to leaked materials.
2) It extracts all the contents from hacked devices, including messages from encrypted messaging applications, listens to calls, and remotely activates the microphone and camera, as well as gaining access to additional services used by the target from their phone.”
US-Präsident Donald Trump drohte, den Insurrection Act anzuwenden und Truppen nach Minneapolis zu entsenden, nachdem es zu Protesten über die tödliche Erschießung einer Frau durch einen ICE-Agenten gekommen war.
Die Drohung von Trump, veröffentlicht auf Truth Social, folgte auf einen separaten Vorfall am Mittwoch, bei dem ein weiterer Einwanderungsbeamter
▶️ einen Mann anschoss und verletzte, der einen anderen Agenten mit einer Schaufel angegriffen hatte.
Logo após prender o ditador venezuelano, Nicolás Maduro, Trump fez diversas ameaças militares contra alguns países
Quais foram essas ameaças e qual o risco delas se concretizarem? Vem comigo que vou listar elas das mais prováveis às menos
IRÃ 🇮🇷
Risco: ALTO
Ao mesmo tempo em que a ação americana acontecia na Venezuela, grandes protestos irromperam no país Persa
A população, revoltada com as décadas de repressão e com a situação desesperadora da economia do país, foi às ruas, mas encontrou a violência sem limites
Trump prometeu ajudar os manifestantes
Apesar das diversas ameaças, ele parece ter cancelado de última hora o ataque que aconteceria no dia 14
Mas esse não é o fim da história, já que os americanos continuam enviando ativos militares pra região e o risco de ataque continua alto