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🔺️ SWARAN SINGH COMMITTEE.
#Fundamentalduties
1. In 1976, Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties, the need felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977).
#Fundamentalduties
1. In 1976, Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties, the need felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977).
2. The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution.
3. It stressed that the citizens should
become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.
3. It stressed that the citizens should
become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.
4. The Congress Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and
enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976.
5. This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A.
enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976.
5. This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A.
🔺️ CLASSIFICATION OF GOVERNMENT
#Federalsystem
1. Political scientists have classified governments into unitary and federal on the basis of the nature of relations between the national government and the regional governments.
#Federalsystem
1. Political scientists have classified governments into unitary and federal on the basis of the nature of relations between the national government and the regional governments.
2. Unitary government - all the powers are vested in the national government and the regional governments, if at all exist, derive their authority from the national government.
3. Federal government - powers are divided between the national government and the regional
3. Federal government - powers are divided between the national government and the regional
governments by the Constitution itself and both operate in their respective jurisdictions independently.
4. Britain, France, Japan, China, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Spain and so on have the unitary model of government while the US, Switzerland,
4. Britain, France, Japan, China, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Spain and so on have the unitary model of government while the US, Switzerland,
🔺️ REASONS FOR ADOPTING PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
1. Familiarity with the System
The Constitution-makers were somewhat familiar with the parliamentary system as it had been in operation in India during the British rule.
2. Preference to More Responsibility
1. Familiarity with the System
The Constitution-makers were somewhat familiar with the parliamentary system as it had been in operation in India during the British rule.
2. Preference to More Responsibility
The Draft Constitution in recommending the parliamentary system of Executive has preferred more responsibility to more stability.’
3. Need to Avoid Legislative–Executive Conflicts
The framers of the Constitution wanted to avoid the conflicts between
3. Need to Avoid Legislative–Executive Conflicts
The framers of the Constitution wanted to avoid the conflicts between
the legislature and the executive which are bound to occur in the presidential system prevalent in USA.
4. Nature of Indian Society
• India is one of the most heterogeneous States and most complex plural societies in the world.
4. Nature of Indian Society
• India is one of the most heterogeneous States and most complex plural societies in the world.
🔆India’s Nuclear Power Programme
✅India plans to build more nuclear power plants to increase the production of clean energy.
📍India has a 3-stage nuclear programme.
✅It developed with the aim of utilizing the vast Thorium reserves in India (about 25% of the world)
✅India plans to build more nuclear power plants to increase the production of clean energy.
📍India has a 3-stage nuclear programme.
✅It developed with the aim of utilizing the vast Thorium reserves in India (about 25% of the world)
Besides India has limited availability of Uranium reserves (about 2% of the world’s uranium reserves)
✅1st Stage
🔰Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors are based on natural uranium that contains 99.3% U-238 and 0.7% U-235.
✅1st Stage
🔰Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors are based on natural uranium that contains 99.3% U-238 and 0.7% U-235.
🔰U-235 being fissile sets up the chain reaction and U-238 being non-fissile gets converted to Pu-239 as a byproduct (spent fuel)
✅2nd Stage
🔰Fast Breeder Reactors are primarily based on Plutonium.
✅2nd Stage
🔰Fast Breeder Reactors are primarily based on Plutonium.
■ MINOR COMMITTEE
#Constituentassembly
◇ Finance and Staff Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
◇ Credentials Committee - Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar.
◇ House Committee - B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
◇ Order of Business Committee - Dr. K.M. Munshi.
#Constituentassembly
◇ Finance and Staff Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
◇ Credentials Committee - Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar.
◇ House Committee - B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
◇ Order of Business Committee - Dr. K.M. Munshi.
◇ Ad-hoc Committee on the National Flag - Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
◇ Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly - G.V. Mavalankar.
◇ Ad-hoc Committee on the Supreme Court - S. Varadachari (Not an Assembly Member).
◇ Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly - G.V. Mavalankar.
◇ Ad-hoc Committee on the Supreme Court - S. Varadachari (Not an Assembly Member).
◇ Committee on Chief Commissioners’ Provinces - B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
◇ Expert Committee on the Financial Provisions of the Union Constitution -Nalini Ranjan Sarkar (Not an Assembly Member).
◇ Linguistic Provinces Commission - S.K. Dar (Not an Assembly Member).
◇ Expert Committee on the Financial Provisions of the Union Constitution -Nalini Ranjan Sarkar (Not an Assembly Member).
◇ Linguistic Provinces Commission - S.K. Dar (Not an Assembly Member).
■ MAJOR COMMITTEES OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
#Constituentassembly
◇ Union Powers Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru
◇ Union Constitution Committee -Jawaharlal Nehru
◇ Provincial Constitution Committee -Sardar Patel
◇ Drafting Committee - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
#Constituentassembly
◇ Union Powers Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru
◇ Union Constitution Committee -Jawaharlal Nehru
◇ Provincial Constitution Committee -Sardar Patel
◇ Drafting Committee - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
◇ Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas - Sardar Patel.
□ This committee had the following five sub- committees :-
• Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee - J.B. Kripalani
• Minorities Sub-Committee - H.C. Mukherjee
□ This committee had the following five sub- committees :-
• Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee - J.B. Kripalani
• Minorities Sub-Committee - H.C. Mukherjee
• North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee - Gopinath Bardoloi
• Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee - A.V. Thakkar
• North-West Frontier Tribal Areas Sub-Committee.
• Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee - A.V. Thakkar
• North-West Frontier Tribal Areas Sub-Committee.
■ OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION
#Constituentassembly
◇ On December 13, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru moved the historic ‘Objective Resolution’ in the Assembly. It laid down fundamentals and philosophy of the constitutional structure.
□ It read:-
#Constituentassembly
◇ On December 13, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru moved the historic ‘Objective Resolution’ in the Assembly. It laid down fundamentals and philosophy of the constitutional structure.
□ It read:-
◇ “This Constituent Assembly declares its firm and solemn resolve to proclaim India as an Independent, Sovereign, Republic and to draw up for her future governance a Constitution:
◇ Wherein the territories that now comprise British India,
◇ Wherein the territories that now comprise British India,
the territories that now form the Indian States and such other parts of India as are outside India and the States as well as other territories as are willing to be constitut -ed into the independent sovereign India, shall be a Union of them all .
