Immunity debt vs post covid immune deficiency (PCID).
Not an immunology expert, but here are 25 papers/articles that collectively argue for PCID.
Immunity debt is a made up term that reflects poor science.
🧵
1/ *May 1 2020, Title: Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
” T cell counts are reduced significantly in COVID-19 patients, and the surviving T cells appear functionally exhausted.”
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32425950/
2/ July 2020, Title: AIDS and COVID-19 are two diseases separated by a common lymphocytopenia
”reduction in B-cells found in both diseases & more severe reduction in the total amount of T-cells in COVID-19 vs AIDS”
@jeffgilchrist
researchgate.net/publication/34…
3/ September 28 2020, Title: SARS-CoV-2 Uses CD4 to Infect T Helper Lymphocytes
”SARS-CoV-2 spike binds to CD4 and mediates entry of SARSCoV-2 in T cells, then assembles viral factories, impairs cell function and may cause cell death.
”medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
4/ Sept 28 2020, Title: Superantigenic character of an insert unique to SARS-CoV-2 spike supported by skewed TCR repertoire in patients with hyperinflammation
Superantigens in SARS2 in terms of MIS-C in children, possible role in cytokine storm in adults doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2…
5/ *Nov 17 2020, Title: Immune suppression in the early stage of COVID-19 disease
”We uncovered changes in the protein landscape that revealed immunosuppression and impaired tight junctions in COVID-19 patients in the early stage of infection.”
nature.com/articles/s4146…
6/ Dec 20 2020, Title: Akt-Fas to Quell Aberrant T Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis in Covid19
” depict SARS-Cov-2 as a lympho-manipulative pathogen; it distorts T cell function, numbers, and death, and creates a dysfunctional immune response”
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
7/ Mar 11 2021, Title, HLA class I–associated expansion of TRBV11-2 T cells in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
This paper discusses superantigens in terms of MIS-C in children.
doi.org/10.1172/JCI146….
8/ May 25 2021, Title, Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is driven by zonulin-dependent loss of gut mucosal barrier.
Superantigens in terms of MIS-C in children. Focusses on SARSCov2 in the GI tract of children promoting superantigen in MIS-C
doi.org/10.1172/JCI149…
9/ Sept 22 2021, Title: SARS-CoV-2 infection causes immunodeficiency in recovered patients by downregulating CD19 expression in B cells via enhancing B-cell metabolism
nature.com/articles/s4139…
10/ Oct 1 2021, Title: Uncertainty around the Long-Term Implications of COVID-19
”perspective on some long-term risks of mutational escape, viral persistence, reinfection, immune dysregulation and neurological and multi-system complications (Long COVID).”
mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/1…
11/ Nov 16 2021, Title: PD-1 blockade counteracts post–COVID-19 immune abnormalities and stimulates the anti–SARS-CoV-2 immune response
’PD-1 blockade restores T cell function after covid-induced exhaustion’
insight.jci.org/articles/view/…
12/ Jan 22 2022, Title: Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection
Important paper showing immune function was not restored even at 8 months.
nature.com/articles/s4159…
13/ Mar 3 2022,Title: Understanding the Effects of Age and T-Cell Differentiation on COVID-19 Severity: Implicating a Fas/FasL-mediated Feed-Forward Controller of T-Cell Differentiation. Mechanism for superantigen deterioration of immune response in COV19
frontiersin.org/articles/10.33…
14/ Mar 10 2022, Title: The immunology and immunopathology of COVID-19
Cautious overview. 1 mention of t cell lowering in long covid.
science.org/doi/10.1126/sc…
15/ Apr 11 2022, Superantigens and SARS-CoV-2
”proteins that hyper-stimulate T cells via the crosslinking of T cell receptors (TCR) with MHC Class II molecules”
mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/4….
16/ April 8 2022, Title: SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, but not Omicron, induces thymic atrophy and impaired 2 T cell development
”SARS-CoV-2 associated thymic atrophy from impaired T cell developmental pathway, also explains dysreg T cell function in COV19”
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
17/ April 14 2022, Title: SARS-CoV-2 Actively Infects And Kills Lymphoid Cells
Kills T cells.
forbes.com/sites/williamh…
Paper here: nature.com/articles/s4139…
18/ May 14 2022, Title: T-cell recovery and evidence of persistent immune activation 12 months after severe COVID-19
”persistent T-cell activation to 12 m after inf & a subgroup of severe COV19 pats with low CD8+ T-cell counts & dysregulated immune”
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/al…
19/ May 20 2022, Title: SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein suppresses CTL-mediated killing by inhibiting immune synapse assembly
”highlight a new strategy of immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2”
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
20/ Aug 2022, Title: Postacute COVID-19 is Characterized by Gut Viral Antigen Persistence in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
” SARS-CoV-2 antigen persistence in infected tissues serves as a basis for postacute COVID-19.”
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
21/ Aug 10 2022, Title: Single-cell RNA sequencing highlights a reduced function of natural killer and cytotoxic T cell in recovered COVID-19 pregnant women
”CD8+ 67 68 cytotoxic T cells were compromised in recovered patients vs healthy 69 pregnant women”
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
22/ Aug 10 2022, Title: Distinguishing features of Long COVID identified through immune profiling
“provides a basis for future investigations into the immunological underpinnings driving the genesis of Long COVID.”
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
23/ Oct 1 2022, Title: Reduced Cell Surface Levels of C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 and Immunosuppression in Long Coronavirus Disease 2019 Syndrome
Findings suggest an unexpected mechanism of abnormal immune downmodulation that is normalized by leronlimab
academic.oup.com/cid/article/75…
24/ Oct 19 2022, Title: Impact of SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 and its variant polymorphisms on host responses and viral pathogenesis
” ORF6 as a key SARS-CoV-2 innate immune antagonist”
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
25/ Oct 24 2022, Title: In Cleveland and beyond researchers begin to unravel the mystery of long COVID-19
Covid similar in some ways to AIDS
cleveland.com/news/2022/10/i…
And this.
May 7 2021, Title: Longitudinal Analysis of COVID-19 Patients Shows Age-Associated T Cell Changes Independent of Ongoing Ill-Health
"persistent T cell abnormalities in convalescent COV19 patients more than three months after initial infection"
frontiersin.org/articles/10.33…
H/T @fitterhappierAJ
This is good to read too.
Immunity debt is not a science validated issue.
…terdisinformationproject.substack.com/p/immunity-deb…
A lot of people want to call it Covid acquired immune deficiency (CAID) and I agree or Covid acquired immune deficiency syndrome (C-AIDS). I agree.
Also, Jan 22 2022, Title: T cell apoptosis characterizes severe Covid-19 disease
”compatible with a model in which T-cell apoptosis accounts for T lymphopenia with severe COV19.”
nature.com/articles/s4141…
Updated December 20 2022
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