Thread on affirmative action in Brazil. In 2012, Brazil began mandating that 50% of seats in all programs offered by federal universities should be distributed via affirmative action to the following three groups: public school grads, the poor, and blacks/Indians.
Affirmative action also applies to government jobs in Brazil. 20% were reserved for blacks until 2025 when this was increased to 30%. This applies to all government organizations as well as public companies and mixed-capital state-run companies.
One effect of this has been to make race much more salient in Brazil. For most of the 20th century, Brazil had a reputation for being a post-racial state with little racial conflict. Affirmative action changed this, as there are now concrete racial privileges to be won.
In college, affirmative action admits of course do worse than their non-affirmative action admit peers, however this gap disappears if you control for measured ability [lol].
Compared to the counterfactual, affirmative action admits earn more as a result of their privilege, while top students earn significantly less thanks to affirmative action, because of worse firm placement after college, worse network effects, and even learning less.
chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewconten…,
apnews.com/article/brazil…,
download.ssrn.com/23/05/05/ssrn_…,
pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10…,
voxdev.org/topic/educatio…
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