In 2004, I was privileged to watch Kelly Holmes win the female Olympic 800m gold, in a run that kept everyone on tenterhooks until that final glorious sprint finish. Her finishing time was 1:56.38. 1/
A subsequent win in the 1500m delivered Holmes her second Olympic gold, the third female ever to hold both 800m and 1500m concurrently, and the first Brit since 1920 to win two gold medals at the same games. An amazing athlete, we will all agree. 2/
In 2001, just three years before Holmes’ astonishing wins, US male Cody Harper was also breaking records. Running 800m in 1:56.36, he would have pipped Holmes to the line at that 2004 Olympic final. 3/
With his 1:56.36 800m run, Harper set a record for his category that still stands. His category is “US male, 13/14 years old”. 4/
With this in mind, I would like to address the nonsense currently doing the rounds, namely “no intrinsic difference between males/females” and “females lag because socialisation/lack of investment/fear of muscles/not trying”. 5/
Now, I can’t speak for Holmes’ individual training regime. Maybe there wasn’t one and she simply Bolt-ed a pre-race bucket of popcorn chicken and went at it. But I doubt it. 6/
Sprinters – and all elite athletes - are highly trained. Physically, every second of a race or game is micromanaged and every potential advantage exploited. Relevant muscle groups, joints, ligaments and tendons are carefully perfected to deliver the best possible result. 7/
Beyond the sheer physical, macros are counted and sleep is mapped. Tactics and strategies are refined. Psychologists coach visualisation techniques. Equipment is personally designed and individualised. 8/
The investment in a world-class athlete is large and costs money, time and effort from a huge team. 9/
It seems incredibly unlikely that the 13 year old Harper benefitted from such investment in his 800m ability. I’m sure he had a track coach who talent-spotted him, and who then dedicated a fair amount of time into his coaching. Maybe he had a decent pair of shoes. 10/
To suggest that his ability to pip Holmes to the 800m finish line is superior investment in male sport is patently ludicrous. To suggest Holmes wasn’t trying as hard as Harper is insulting. To suggest Holmes feared looking like a strong athlete is, I hope, false. 11/
Look at Holmes in the picture, and her fellow female athletes here now. Do they strike you as females who would sacrifice gold medals and championship wins for fear of emasculating men? Christ on a bike. 12/
Harper, at 13 years old, was quite simply growing into his male self, just like all the other talented male athletes who, during puberty, start to run faster, punch harder and jumper higher than not only their female peers but also female Olympic champions. 14/
If someone says “it’s not testosterone that makes boys then men strong”, I’d like to know what “it” is. 15/
If not testosterone (clue: it is), then what is it that allows teenage boys to so rapidly overtake females? What is it that underpins superior male physiology? 16/
Until anyone can explain this mystery, and offer a solution as to how to appropriately adjust for it, we cannot only not let adult males compete against females, we can’t even allow schoolboys to do so. End/
NB. As for all similar posts I make, the point is, of course, not to be down on female achievement, but to highlight how far apart males and females are.
Thanks for the retweet and continued support in these tricky times. Female athletes and advocates salute you, sir! PS. Follow @Glinner
This is your regular reminder that I am not an entomologist and I do not study beetles.
My handle is derived from a quote about creationism and I research human genetics and genetic disorders, including one that kills males.
Here is a motor neuron I grew in a dish.
I do not study cool things like…
Jewel beetles. Studies of their iridescence (like liquid crystals) has helped paint chemists. It’s also surprisingly good camo (expt: attach bright or dull wings to mealworms and see which get eaten by birds…).
Dung beetles. They roll crap around all day. Their immune systems are a source of some interest.
Sex is *observed* at birth by “reading” external genitalia, which is a remarkably sensitive marker of sex. Sex is also now routinely observed in utero, again by “reading” external genitalia and, increasingly, by DNA analysis.
@RealTayChaTLC The definition of female is: of or denoting the sex that can produce large gametes.
This not a matter of *observation*, this is a matter of *definition*.
@RealTayChaTLC Very few animals and no plants menstruate, yet females exist across almost all complex life.
We do not become men at menopause. We certainly don’t “revert” to men, which implies we were men at some point before menopause. Maybe you think we are men before menstruation?
Across the natural world, male and female are defined by reproductive function, describing the contribution of small gametes (like sperm) or large gametes (like ova), respectively, to the next generation.
In healthy humans, there are two anatomical body types, each corresponding to one of the two reproductive functions. That is, in humans, there are two sexes.
In utero, males and females develop sex-specific primary characteristics pertinent to function during reproduction.
Healthy male anatomy comprises testicles, internal genital structures like the vas deferens and an external penis and scrotum.
Here is a graphic of changes in muscle and strength in transwomen pre- and post- testosterone suppression (12+ months), compared with baseline metrics from demographically matched females.
The original data is presented in Hilton and Lundberg, 2021 (Table 4).
The graphic was created by me for a policy paper I coauthored with Professor Jon Pike @runthinkwrite and Professor Leslie Howe @usask for the Canadian think tank The MacDonald Laurier Institute.
I recently tweeted about people who think I believe humans are asparagus.
This bad faith take stems (ha ha) from an analogy I’ve used to illustrate that the phenomenon of male/female is not limited to the constructions of the human brain.
Like many plants, and like humans, (some) asparagus strains are dioecious - they exist as individuals male and individual female plants. In animals, we call this set up ‘gonochorism’.
Asparagus can reproduce via the fusion of one small and one large gamete (sometimes, they reproduce asexually).
Biological convention denotes the plant morph producing the large gamete, found in the ovules, as ‘female’.
Systematic differences between the two sexes of a gonochoristic species of a physical characteristic (or set thereof), not including reproductive anatomy.
Some sexually dimorphic characteristics are non-overlapping (e.g. deer antlers) while some are very overlapping (e.g. human height).
The extent of overlapping observation/measurement is irrelevant. The only requirement is a robustly-detectable difference between sexes.
Many female humans are taller than many male humans, yet the population descriptions of height in humans consistently reveal that males as a sex class are taller than their demographically-matched female peers.
Height in humans is a sexually dimorphic characteristic.