Good morning ๐ฆ - my finance world ๐ (traders, investors, economists, & people that love Asian macro) just joined forces w/ the academic world @natixis , @NatixisResearch & @CarnegieEndow ๐ฅฐ๐ช๐ป
On the macro front, Indonesia ๐ฎ๐ฉ CB decision & flash PMIs today. So excited ๐ค๐ค๐ฅณ !
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow Australia prelim for services moved into contraction of 49.2 from 52.3 & composite goes below 50. For Japan, manu stayed negative at 49.5 w/ some stabilization while services picked up, likely a pre VAT tax hike boost. EU flashes are key for Asian exporters but exps are subdued๐ฌ
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow For those outside of finance, may seem strange that people are so obsessed w/ a central bank decision - in this case we have Indonesia today (consensus a hold; current rate 5.75%). While Indonesia capital market is shallow (by that we mean credit/gdp low ~30%), rates matter. Why?
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow#Indonesia is the 4th most populous country in the world & that population is only rising. But Indonesia is an archipelagos (thousands of island) & there's massive diversity. GDP/capital in Jakarta is ~4 times the national average. Urbanization rates will ๐so a lot of people ๐๐ป
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow What do these people striving for a better life need? Well, infrastructure (roads, railways, subways, ports & airways b/c Indonesia has lots of islands). Jakarta is notoriously jammed packed & that reducesproductivity & will only get WORSE! So need to BUILD INFRASTRUCTURE ๐ค
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow But how to build? Infrastructure is a great sector in that it has stable cash flow. But it also requires LONG-TERM INVESTMENT, usually only at the state level can you truly fund NATIONAL development. So there lies the rub.
To build, u need $, or to put another way, financers๐๐ป
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow Can Indonesia fund its own infrastructure building? No. It has a fiscal deficit & the government says cap is 3% of GDP & the latest budget shows it chooses fiscal prudence. Ok, so how? Well, other actors like SOEs (doesn't show up on deficit but gov debt) &YOU (FOREIGN INVESTORS)
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow Look at the chart below & how u loop it back to central banks & interest rates & why spending your life staring at the price of $ & bond prices can be a noble profession๐. Indonesia's interest expense payment is LARGE as a share of total expenditure & roughly 2% of GDP. So what?
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow It means that in the afternoon, the central bank'll have to decide whether to LOWER THAT INTEREST EXPENSE FOR THE GOVERNMENT OR NOT. Obviously this impacts everyone (private sector too). Key here is that the role of the central bank in easing the interest expense burden for gov๐ค
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow The question for Indonesia is not whether but when the central bank'll have to step in to โ๏ธ rates. Fiscal space is very limited & with the amount of building they have to do, rate cuts needed. Why do they hesitate? Not about inflation but the Fed & worried about risk-aversion.
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow When someone asks you what u do for a living, instead of saying I'm in finance, why don't u say this for a change (said this yesterday at the FCC & journalists laughed, in a good way of course๐ค): We finance EM Asia development. Roads, ports, etc w/ our investment in EM ๐๐๐๐ป
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow Indonesia is mulling corporate income tax cut from 25% to 20%. Likely to reduce already very low tax revenue ratio (% of GDP). This begs the question, how is it going to FUND infra? Indonesia, like China & other EM, derives MOST tax rev from indirect taxation (VAT, import duties)
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow Taxes: DIRECT (corp income, which is a ratio of economic activity & tends to be considered PROGRESSIVE (pay as much as u earn & target higher income); & INDIRECT (VAT etc) & considered REGRESSIVE as poorer people have less disposable income. EM goes for INDIRECT-easier to enforce
@natixis@NatixisResearch@CarnegieEndow This is flagged in earlier Tweets of mine on the GLOBAL CONSEQUENCE OF US TAX REFORMS, which will PUSH DOWNWARD PRESSURE ON REST OF THE WORLD FISCAL, esp EM that wants to retain & attract investment. A paper by the IMF below ๐๐ป๐๐ป๐๐ป
Let's talk about India today. I'll be on @CNBCi at 11am HKT to discuss this particular issue.
First, we all know that India is amongst the least trade exposed and least exposed to the US amongst the big traders.
That being said, the US is the MOST lucrative export market and one it MUST grow if it wants to GROW OUTWARD AND UPWARD through trade.
Why? Look at China PPI today - it's is -3.6%YoY. Look at the Chinese yuan. It is not appreciating like crazy versus the USD. So what? China manufacturing is TOO competitive and will COMPETE with India so exporting to China is not a HIGH MARGIN BUSINESS.
That is the same for everyone who is a big trader. China is a competitor. So fierce that even the Chinese government is struggling w/ this onshore deflated PPI situation so you can see why foreign competitors are pissed off.
First, let's zoom in - India's export as a share of GDP is roughly 2.5% of GDP in 2024. As mentioned, 0.8% is exempted now (pharma, electronics etc). But EXEMPTIONS ARE TEMPORARY. Today, we got threats of 200% tariffs on pharma for example.
Anyway, 1.3% of GDP faces 10% tariff now that will go up to 26% by 1 August if not successfully negotiated down.
India is not too exposed by Trump auto and steel but still somewhat.
Let's look at top 15 exports to the US.
#1 PHARMA, currently exempted but faces sectoral tariffs of a lot.
Look at what India exports to China - ZERO. Zero pharma. 3bn to the EU and 9bn to the US.
So here, you can see that INDIA NEEDS A DEAL.
You can go through all the sectors. Note something. In phones, the EU is a bigger market than the US. Yes 8bn vs US 7bn.
But the EU is not a country but made up of 27 countries. So the US is the LARGEST market by a long shot.
Look at all the ZEROS for China for top items. Not a good market for India.
As promised, here is a thread on Trump trade war and what Asian countries are going to do or shall I say who has more room to give Trump a deal than others.
@Trinhnomics interview at 17 mins.
First, let's start with one certainty: Trump tariffs are higher, and they are on sectors (50% steel, 25% alum, 25% auto & more under study), countries (China 20% fentanyl, Canada & Mexico 25% fentanyl w/ USMCA qualified products 0%, and of course 10% reciprocal tariffs on everyone w/ extension ending 1 August for everyone & China 9 August.
Okay, so what?
Okay, let me first discuss the below chart that summarizes the impact on Asia and why different economies will have different negotiating priorities with the Trump administration.
First, big picture. Exports to the US as a share of output (GDP) of respective countries.
Vietnam is the most exposed by a long shot to the US. And that explains why Vietnam was most motivated to climb down from that 46% level to 20% now (40% for transshipment - we discuss later).
Exports to the US was 30% of GDP in 2024. Yep, that high. Good news? more than 10% of GDP was already exempted as Vietnam's largest export was electronics, namely phones, and thus that was exempted.
The rest enjoy 10% until 1 August and then 20% tariff. On a sectoral level, Vietnam faces 50% on steel and 25% on auto but as a share of total, not a big deal, even if not good for those sectors.
Yes, it has been a while. I have been running around the world & Asia. It was nice seeing so many people and places to share views, but my inner nerdling self fundamentally enjoy sitting at desk listening to music to read and analyze. For those that I got a chance to meet, thank you! People make the world go around - we all yearn to understand our reality & seek to be understood.
Anyway, shall we review first half? And perhaps think about second half 2025, which starts Tuesday next week.
First, we live in a Trump world. By that, we can't escape his decisions, pushing, wanting.
What does he want? That is a question I get a lot. And most people tend to response with this, "He probably doesn't know it himself."
I don't agree. He does. He's clear about it. It's how he gets there and the people that he surrounds himself with to execute it is a big if but not what he wants.
I'll put three things that Trump wants and basically got so far despite everyone calling him TACO (Trump always chickens out).
Three things Trump wants:
a) Tariffs - he likes tariffs. He sees it as a tool to get what he wants, which is to grow US industrial prowess & rebalance US trade. We can disagree on whether this is the right tool or subsidies or industrial policies are better. But tariffs he wants and he gets.
People think TACO is the trade. But tariff is the trade. It's higher. You accept this new normal fine.
I'll give you an example. We got 50% on steel. 25% on aluminum. 25% on auto. +25% fentanyl on Mexico and Canada excluding USMCA products. +20% on China.
And +10% on rest of the world. For China, expires August. For rest of the world, 9th July. Probably gonna get extended.
Happy to be back in Hong Kong! The world is on fire, this time, the threat of war widening beyond just Israel and Iran but to the US and that means the gulf.
Meanwhile, Japan sees core inflation rising to 3.7%YoY and this forces the BOJ to hike (it really doesn't want to for many reasons) as it struggles with policy response - note that inflation has been higher than 2% for so long while policy rate is only 0.5%.
So who is most affected by this whole conflict? Well, we all in different ways but the most obvious outcome is oil. Let's take a look.
We Asians IMPORT 69% of oil going through the Straight of Hormuz and the Saudis export the most.
First, let's go through what's happening. Iran has been attacked by Israel and has shown that it is weak. Now that it is weak, it will have to fight back strongly or risk being seen weak.
So it's a question of how it will surrender not whether and when. Will it do that to the US or Israel? It will fight first. Second is the US, will they take this opportunity to wipe out the threat of Iran nuclear power?
If the US is involved, there is a chance of this widening out as US assets in the region will be targets.
Hence the question of the Straight of Hormuz.
20% of global oil consumption flows through the Strait of Hormuz. It is a narrow channel so if that gets choked up, we're looking at a big oil supply shock.
Who's affected? Producers - the gulfs like Saudi, Kawait, UAE.
Who are the importers? Asians, namely China, India, Japan, South Korea. They make up 69% of total imports.
Happy to be back in Asia. Paris was great for many reasons - but mostly because the vibe in Europe is much better as people feel more empowered by change that allows people to zoom out from usual distress over political stalemate, even if challenging.
What do I tell clients? Well, the same as I usually do. When you look at data, don't get fixated on a point in a series. Non-farm payroll/jobs data is an example. Markets get so fixated on what the expectations are & whether results are a beat or not. But what we should look at is a trend over time. Revisions happen. Downward revisions or upward. Seasonality happens (strikes/weather/etc). But what does the trend tell you & what does that mean for policy reaction function?
Well, if you zoom out, then what we see is that job gains are SLOWING in the US. And labor market data is lagging.
The ISM, both manufacturing and services, both point to slowing activity.
Meanwhile, we have CPI coming out in May - markets expect 2.5%YoY from 2.3% in April.
So what? What will le Fed do?
Inflation is an interesting figure. Why? Because it mirrors what Trump's doing on tariffs and also the dollar going lower, which means imports cost more now.
Both tell you that US goods inflation should rise over time. But what does that mean for US CPI? Well, most weights for US CPI is housing/services, which are non-tradeable in nature.
So while US CPI is rising, the Fed will want to see if core PCE is rising. Anyway, if employment is softer over time, and inflation is rising, doesn't that constraint the Fed from seeing through the fog and know what to do?
Trump tariffs. Where are the powers coming from? Well, he has a menu of tariff options. It's the only tax that the president can incur without congress.
For Reciprocal Tariffs, he used the International Emergency Economics Power Act (IEEPA), which has an advantage of SPEED and SCOPE but disadvantage in FOUNDATION or legality.
Why? Well, he declared that the TRADE DEFICIT is the national emergency.
The US Court of International Trade said that he MISUSED the IEEPA, as in the foundation of the "emergency" is not right.
Trump team knew this. They know the laws. They decided for SCOPE and SPEED. What happens next?
Well, they appeal. And eventually, it will be the Supreme Court that will decide. But the foundation of his "emergency" was always being questioned.
Irrespective, for markets, there was already a Trump put, and a clear one. He himself sees these "reciprocal tariffs" as maximalist positions anyway.
Remember that he has other powers to choose from. Section 232 has a STRONGER FOUNDATION but takes a while. You need consultation and etc so it takes time.
The +25% steel & aluminum tariffs for example is from Trump 1.0 and he's just removing exemptions + raising alum from 10% to 25%.