Trinh Profile picture
Aug 21, 2019 โ€ข 14 tweets โ€ข 13 min read โ€ข Read on X
Good morning ๐Ÿฆš - my finance world ๐ŸŒŽ (traders, investors, economists, & people that love Asian macro) just joined forces w/ the academic world @natixis , @NatixisResearch & @CarnegieEndow ๐Ÿฅฐ๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿป

On the macro front, Indonesia ๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ฉ CB decision & flash PMIs today. So excited ๐Ÿค—๐Ÿค“๐Ÿฅณ !
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow Australia prelim for services moved into contraction of 49.2 from 52.3 & composite goes below 50. For Japan, manu stayed negative at 49.5 w/ some stabilization while services picked up, likely a pre VAT tax hike boost. EU flashes are key for Asian exporters but exps are subdued๐Ÿ˜ฌ
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow For those outside of finance, may seem strange that people are so obsessed w/ a central bank decision - in this case we have Indonesia today (consensus a hold; current rate 5.75%). While Indonesia capital market is shallow (by that we mean credit/gdp low ~30%), rates matter. Why?
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow #Indonesia is the 4th most populous country in the world & that population is only rising. But Indonesia is an archipelagos (thousands of island) & there's massive diversity. GDP/capital in Jakarta is ~4 times the national average. Urbanization rates will ๐Ÿ“ˆso a lot of people ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow What do these people striving for a better life need? Well, infrastructure (roads, railways, subways, ports & airways b/c Indonesia has lots of islands). Jakarta is notoriously jammed packed & that reducesproductivity & will only get WORSE! So need to BUILD INFRASTRUCTURE ๐Ÿค—
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow But how to build? Infrastructure is a great sector in that it has stable cash flow. But it also requires LONG-TERM INVESTMENT, usually only at the state level can you truly fund NATIONAL development. So there lies the rub.

To build, u need $, or to put another way, financers๐Ÿ‘ˆ๐Ÿป
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow Can Indonesia fund its own infrastructure building? No. It has a fiscal deficit & the government says cap is 3% of GDP & the latest budget shows it chooses fiscal prudence. Ok, so how? Well, other actors like SOEs (doesn't show up on deficit but gov debt) &YOU (FOREIGN INVESTORS)
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow Look at the chart below & how u loop it back to central banks & interest rates & why spending your life staring at the price of $ & bond prices can be a noble profession๐Ÿ˜‡. Indonesia's interest expense payment is LARGE as a share of total expenditure & roughly 2% of GDP. So what?
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow It means that in the afternoon, the central bank'll have to decide whether to LOWER THAT INTEREST EXPENSE FOR THE GOVERNMENT OR NOT. Obviously this impacts everyone (private sector too). Key here is that the role of the central bank in easing the interest expense burden for gov๐Ÿค—
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow The question for Indonesia is not whether but when the central bank'll have to step in to โœ‚๏ธ rates. Fiscal space is very limited & with the amount of building they have to do, rate cuts needed. Why do they hesitate? Not about inflation but the Fed & worried about risk-aversion.
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow When someone asks you what u do for a living, instead of saying I'm in finance, why don't u say this for a change (said this yesterday at the FCC & journalists laughed, in a good way of course๐Ÿค—): We finance EM Asia development. Roads, ports, etc w/ our investment in EM ๐Ÿ˜‡๐Ÿ˜‰๐Ÿ‘Œ๐Ÿป
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow Indonesia is mulling corporate income tax cut from 25% to 20%. Likely to reduce already very low tax revenue ratio (% of GDP). This begs the question, how is it going to FUND infra? Indonesia, like China & other EM, derives MOST tax rev from indirect taxation (VAT, import duties)
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow Taxes: DIRECT (corp income, which is a ratio of economic activity & tends to be considered PROGRESSIVE (pay as much as u earn & target higher income); & INDIRECT (VAT etc) & considered REGRESSIVE as poorer people have less disposable income. EM goes for INDIRECT-easier to enforce
@natixis @NatixisResearch @CarnegieEndow This is flagged in earlier Tweets of mine on the GLOBAL CONSEQUENCE OF US TAX REFORMS, which will PUSH DOWNWARD PRESSURE ON REST OF THE WORLD FISCAL, esp EM that wants to retain & attract investment. A paper by the IMF below ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป

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More from @Trinhnomics

Jun 27
Good afternoon,

Yes, it has been a while. I have been running around the world & Asia. It was nice seeing so many people and places to share views, but my inner nerdling self fundamentally enjoy sitting at desk listening to music to read and analyze. For those that I got a chance to meet, thank you! People make the world go around - we all yearn to understand our reality & seek to be understood.

Anyway, shall we review first half? And perhaps think about second half 2025, which starts Tuesday next week.
First, we live in a Trump world. By that, we can't escape his decisions, pushing, wanting.

What does he want? That is a question I get a lot. And most people tend to response with this, "He probably doesn't know it himself."

I don't agree. He does. He's clear about it. It's how he gets there and the people that he surrounds himself with to execute it is a big if but not what he wants.

I'll put three things that Trump wants and basically got so far despite everyone calling him TACO (Trump always chickens out).
Three things Trump wants:
a) Tariffs - he likes tariffs. He sees it as a tool to get what he wants, which is to grow US industrial prowess & rebalance US trade. We can disagree on whether this is the right tool or subsidies or industrial policies are better. But tariffs he wants and he gets.

People think TACO is the trade. But tariff is the trade. It's higher. You accept this new normal fine.

I'll give you an example. We got 50% on steel. 25% on aluminum. 25% on auto. +25% fentanyl on Mexico and Canada excluding USMCA products. +20% on China.

And +10% on rest of the world. For China, expires August. For rest of the world, 9th July. Probably gonna get extended.
Read 9 tweets
Jun 20
Good morning,

Happy to be back in Hong Kong! The world is on fire, this time, the threat of war widening beyond just Israel and Iran but to the US and that means the gulf.

Meanwhile, Japan sees core inflation rising to 3.7%YoY and this forces the BOJ to hike (it really doesn't want to for many reasons) as it struggles with policy response - note that inflation has been higher than 2% for so long while policy rate is only 0.5%.

So who is most affected by this whole conflict? Well, we all in different ways but the most obvious outcome is oil. Let's take a look.

We Asians IMPORT 69% of oil going through the Straight of Hormuz and the Saudis export the most.
First, let's go through what's happening. Iran has been attacked by Israel and has shown that it is weak. Now that it is weak, it will have to fight back strongly or risk being seen weak.

So it's a question of how it will surrender not whether and when. Will it do that to the US or Israel? It will fight first. Second is the US, will they take this opportunity to wipe out the threat of Iran nuclear power?

If the US is involved, there is a chance of this widening out as US assets in the region will be targets.

Hence the question of the Straight of Hormuz.Image
20% of global oil consumption flows through the Strait of Hormuz. It is a narrow channel so if that gets choked up, we're looking at a big oil supply shock.

Who's affected? Producers - the gulfs like Saudi, Kawait, UAE.

Who are the importers? Asians, namely China, India, Japan, South Korea. They make up 69% of total imports.

eia.gov/todayinenergy/โ€ฆImage
Read 5 tweets
Jun 9
Good morning Hong Kong,

Happy to be back in Asia. Paris was great for many reasons - but mostly because the vibe in Europe is much better as people feel more empowered by change that allows people to zoom out from usual distress over political stalemate, even if challenging.

What do I tell clients? Well, the same as I usually do. When you look at data, don't get fixated on a point in a series. Non-farm payroll/jobs data is an example. Markets get so fixated on what the expectations are & whether results are a beat or not. But what we should look at is a trend over time. Revisions happen. Downward revisions or upward. Seasonality happens (strikes/weather/etc). But what does the trend tell you & what does that mean for policy reaction function?
Well, if you zoom out, then what we see is that job gains are SLOWING in the US. And labor market data is lagging.

The ISM, both manufacturing and services, both point to slowing activity.

Meanwhile, we have CPI coming out in May - markets expect 2.5%YoY from 2.3% in April.

So what? What will le Fed do?
Inflation is an interesting figure. Why? Because it mirrors what Trump's doing on tariffs and also the dollar going lower, which means imports cost more now.

Both tell you that US goods inflation should rise over time. But what does that mean for US CPI? Well, most weights for US CPI is housing/services, which are non-tradeable in nature.

So while US CPI is rising, the Fed will want to see if core PCE is rising. Anyway, if employment is softer over time, and inflation is rising, doesn't that constraint the Fed from seeing through the fog and know what to do?
Read 15 tweets
May 29
Trump tariffs. Where are the powers coming from? Well, he has a menu of tariff options. It's the only tax that the president can incur without congress.

For Reciprocal Tariffs, he used the International Emergency Economics Power Act (IEEPA), which has an advantage of SPEED and SCOPE but disadvantage in FOUNDATION or legality.

Why? Well, he declared that the TRADE DEFICIT is the national emergency.

The US Court of International Trade said that he MISUSED the IEEPA, as in the foundation of the "emergency" is not right.
Trump team knew this. They know the laws. They decided for SCOPE and SPEED. What happens next?

Well, they appeal. And eventually, it will be the Supreme Court that will decide. But the foundation of his "emergency" was always being questioned.

Irrespective, for markets, there was already a Trump put, and a clear one. He himself sees these "reciprocal tariffs" as maximalist positions anyway.
Remember that he has other powers to choose from. Section 232 has a STRONGER FOUNDATION but takes a while. You need consultation and etc so it takes time.

The +25% steel & aluminum tariffs for example is from Trump 1.0 and he's just removing exemptions + raising alum from 10% to 25%.

Auto tariff is new.

There is a few others that are being "consulted".
Read 4 tweets
May 26
Happy Memorial Day to Americans! And good morning to Asia!

Let's talk about something very topical. Debt. Yes, it has risen. How much debt do we have really? Who owns it? Why is cost of debt an issue?

Can the US solve its debt crisis? Image
This chart is my fav chart. I show stock of debt & then flow of debt (change since 2019 in orange bubble). Debt matters in terms of who owns it, which sector, etc.

Who is the biggest debt of them all? Well, Japan. It is also the biggest creditor to the world (lending money). Japanese debt is unique in that because of weak private sector, the government has been just expanding like crazy because the households and corporates just sit on savings.

Okay, why is this important? Well, those savings traditionally invested in their own debt (used to be very low yielding on the longer end) and also OTHERS' debt, USA + other emerging markets, also Europeans etc.Image
The Japanese sovereign yield curve is interesting not just for Japanese lifers, banks & JGB strategists but also for everyone else.

What has happened? Well, per usual they will run fiscal deficit. Nothing new. But the BOJ also owns like 48% of this debt and wants to reduce, but very hard because lifers etc don't want to buy so much more of this supply.

So what happens? The yield curve steepens. What is a yield curve? Well, you can borrow short-term (overnight) or for a long time (30 to 40 year in Japan) at a set rate. Japan has been running very close to zero rate for a long time.

So debt is not an issue if your servicing costs were close to zero.

But the longer, esp the 40-yr is now 3.5%. Yep!
The shorter end, which is policy rate is 0.5%.

This curve is STEEP!Image
Read 13 tweets
May 14
Good morning,

US April inflation came over night softer, and that's no surprise really - we knew that energy, food and service costs were going lower. Everyone said, well, what pain for China if April exports were strong, not to the US of course, but to the world (+8.1%)YoY. The same is said about US CPI. It's actually slower to 2.3%YoY despite a very soft USD & tariffs that started since February.

What does that mean? Why did the the US-China both come to the table to stop the embargo of trade?
Can both of these arguments be true? Of course. First, we must talk about these different balance sheets. They are one and the same. But they interact differently.

CPI is a domestic phenomenon. US inequality/lack of affordable housing/high costs of college/healthcare/etc are DOMESTIC IN NATURE. We call it NON-TRADEABLE. Sure, higher steel & timber make building a house more expensive. Higher appliances also make it expensive. But let's be honest here, the biggest costs of the house is the land & next costs is the regulations and the permits and the actual time and capital erecting it.

California/NYC/Seattle where the jobs are all have regulations that make it very expensive to build. And that has been the case during LOW TARIFF REGIME.

So listen, just think if you live anywhere. When you get a paycheck, where does your money go? Well, if you rent or mortgage, then it's HOUSING.

Next, if you live in the US and send your children out of state or private for education, it's not a rounding error on two middle class incomes.

Of course, another essential - FOOD.
Another one is transport - that includes FUEL + Car (and indirect cost is TIME).

Goods, while you know, nice to have, durable goods you buy once and hopefully last you a decade or two, like a washing machine or a fridge or a microwave.

Toys, definitely like you buy according to age and once & don't repeat and prolly can get used because everyone disposes of this once the child is done.Image
So when you look at US inflation, the largest weights aren't GOODS or IMPORTED goods for a consumer.

It may be a very big part of a producer that imports intermediates. Say an oil driller that needs steel to build infra to drill or a domestic producer of appliances that need parts that are cheaper to source, say China.

Irrespective, an AVERAGE American person isn't going to feel tariffs. They will feel it via the news, via tiktok, via social media, via the financial markets that have exposure to the higher costs, but they are not feeling it much if they don't have a lot of financial assets.

So the reality is that inflation in the US is GOING DOWN for core goods. Egg inflation is lower after a flu supply shock. US food exporters will sell more domestically if selling abroad faces tariffs. But food isn't the bulk of inflation.

It's the services like housing etc. And they are going down.
Read 9 tweets

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