I just pulled down from CapitalIQ a data set of every private equity deal from 2017-2019 with EV>$1B. Average EBITDA multiple was 17.3x and of those with a credit rating 35% rated B-.
Starting in 2012, the Bank of Japan began buying domestic equities at scale. Japan also built something few countries have ever attempted: a de facto sovereign wealth fund financed at near-zero borrowing costs.
Japan’s net liabilities fell from 117% of GDP in 2012 to 65% in 2025, even as Japan ran primary deficits in every year of that period. That improvement came from the return spreads on assets accumulated through a carry trade run at a national scale.
The Japanese government thus has a massive incentive to keep the domestic equity market booming. Japanese equity returns seem to provide a direct solution to the country’s fiscal problem. The public sector holds domestic equities worth 41% of GDP as of 2025, distributed across public pension funds (14%), the BoJ (13%), and other public institutions. If Japanese companies raise returns on capital and equity valuations improve, the state’s asset base strengthens alongside its fiscal revenues.
Pod shops are defined by 3 things: 1) lots of siloed managers 2) a risk model to separate alpha and beta and 3) lots of leverage. We tried to see if we could use our risk model to build a "poor man's pod shop" out of the thousands of active mutual funds and etfs
Our first finding was that alpha in the active fund universe is persistent over the short-term (1-12M), even though it isn't over multiple years
Note that these are alphas, not returns. We are using a risk model to short out all the factor exposure and just get the pure alpha stream, as illustrated in the graph below
There is no empirical evidence that a company's market share predicts its profitability. But that hasn't stopped academics, business school curricula, and management consulting firms from promulgating the idea for decades. The below chart shows industry leaders vs. industry median margins:
market share is not a consistent indicator of firm performance. And this finding holds true across industries, with many illustrating a negative relationship between market share and profitability - like retail:
Lina Khan might find this to be an "antitrust paradox,” but it’s actually firm strategy operating exactly as her Chicago School opponents would envision. Consumers choose Amazon because of the low prices, driving Amazon’s market share, and allowing Amazon to invest more in lowering prices and improving service.
Is the private equity model of running companies materially different from public companies? Can we see that difference in the financials? We built a database of 993 deals that had public debt and public financials to answer this question.
We first looked at revenue growth. The graph below shows the median difference between year-over-year growth in overall sales for the companies that were acquired by private equity firms and the benchmark.
We then looked at EBITDA margins. The graph below shows the median difference in EBITDA as a percentage of sales between the LBO companies and the benchmark.