Thread by @TrevorSutcliffe

"very surprisingly, pregnancy and immunocompromise so far don't seem to be significant risk factor"
Risk factors: having specific allele variants on ACE2 gene (X-chromosome) and/or I/D polymorphism on ACE gene, & likely pharmacological interactions w/ the renin-angiotensin system

https://twitter.com/simonbchen/status/1240503872575004672

https://twitter.com/RobertLKruse/status/1239233393528897536

Association of ACE2 genetic variants with blood pressure, left ventricular mass, and cardiac function in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21993363

Association of ACE2 polymorphisms with susceptibility to essential hypertension and dyslipidemia in Xinjiang, China
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Association of ACE2 genetic polymorphisms with hypertension-related target organ damages in south Xinjiang
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

ACE2 polymorphisms associated with cardiovascular risk in Uygurs with type 2 diabetes mellitus
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

The association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 gene and blood pressure in a cohort study of adolescents
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Interactions between angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 polymorphisms and high salt intake increase the risk of hypertension in the Chinese Wa population
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

From gene to protein—experimental and clinical studies of ACE2 in blood pressure control and arterial hypertension
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
Association between circulating levels of ACE2-Ang-(1–7)-MAS axis and ACE2 gene polymorphisms in hypertensive patients

Association of polymorphisms of angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 with retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus among Chinese individuals
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Genetic variants in the apelin system and blood pressure responses to dietary sodium interventions: a family-based association study
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Association of Genetic Variants in the Apelin-APJ System and ACE2 with Blood Pressure Responses to Potassium Supplementation: the GenSalt Study
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Role of ACE and PAI-1 Polymorphisms in the Development and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Relationships Between Selected Gene Polymorphisms and Blood Pressure Sensitivity to Weight Loss in Elderly Persons With Hypertension
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Associations of ACE Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism, ACE Activity, and ACE mRNA Expression with Hypertension in a Chinese Population
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
Gene polymorphisms in association with self-reported stroke in US adults

Distribution of ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in Iranian populations
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Study of angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism, enzyme activity and oxidized low density lipoprotein in Western Iranians with atherosclerosis: a case-control study
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Instillation of particulate matter 2.5 induced acute lung injury and attenuated the injury recovery in ACE2 knockout mice
ijbs.com/v14p0253.htm

Blood Groups in Infection and Host Susceptibility
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

The ACE deletion allele is associated with Israeli elite endurance athletes.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17631516

The angiotensin converting enzyme I/D polymorphism in Russian athletes.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781693

Gaucher's disease
"Disease is caused by a recessive mutation in the GBA gene located on chromosome 1 and affects both males and females... The carrier rate among Ashkenazi Jews is 8.9%"
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher%2…

Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system and the outcome of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children
kidneyinternational-online.org/article/S0085-…

Why children might not be infected often:
Competition for ACE2 receptor from Human coronavirus NL63, which infects only children (might have a similar temperature preference as SARS-CoV-2?)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cor…

A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus–induced lung injury
nature.com/articles/nm1267

Elevated serum and spleen angiotensin converting enzyme and serum lysozyme in Gaucher's disease.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/188566

How smoking affects blood pressure
"It is a paradox that while smoking acutely increases blood pressure, a slightly lower blood pressure level has been found among smokers than nonsmokers in larger epidemiological studies."
BECAUSE SMOKING INCREASES ACE2 EXPRESSION IN THE LUNGS

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9162447

Why there may be have been fewer smokers suffering from COVID-19 relative to the general population in China:
Smokers have lower blood pressure than non-smokers
bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11…

Association of SARS susceptibility with single nucleic acid polymorphisms of OAS1 and MxA genes: a case-control study.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16824203

NSAIDS and ACE-inhibitors
"The concomitant use of NSAIDs and ACE inhibitor (ACEI) has been associated with reducing the anti-hypertensive effects of the ACEI, as well as carrying the potential to inflict acute renal damage."
lecom.edu/nsaids-and-ace…

Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion-Deletion Polymorphism with Hypertension in Emiratis with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Interaction with Obesity Status
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

ACE2, a Promising Therapeutic Target for Pulmonary Hypertension
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21215698/

Pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension in acute lung injury
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Enhanced angiotensin II-induced cardiac and aortic remodeling in ACE2 knockout mice.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23043153

SARS-CoV proteins decrease levels and activity of human ENaC via activation of distinct PKC isoforms
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19112100

Immunological Characterization of the Spike Protein of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
jcm.asm.org/content/42/4/1…

Dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System and the Vasopressinergic System Interactions in Cardiovascular Disorders
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29556787

Gonadal effects on plasma ACE activity:
Plasma ACE activity much higher in males
Lung ACE activity not sex dimorphic, but increases significantly upon gonadectomy (M & F)
Gonads affect plasma ACE activity by influencing cleavage of tissue ACE to plasma ACE
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11849653

Sex differences in the metabolic effects of the renin-angiotensin system
link.springer.com/article/10.118…

Orchitis (swelling of the testicles): A Complication of (SARS)
This 2006 study found SARS infection affected the testes significantly in six patients who died of SARS, in limited sample all had signs of orchitis in the testes which rendered them sterile.
academic.oup.com/biolreprod/art…

Update on the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2-Angiotensin (1–7)-Mas Receptor Axis: Fetal Programing, Sex Differences, and Intracellular Pathways
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Y chromosome’s roles in sex differences in disease
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

VIDEO: Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

VIDEO: ARBS Angiotensin Receptor Blockers

Cardiovascular health in transgender people
"effects of hormone therapy on systolic blood pressure in trans women...most...showing an increase. In trans men, testosterone therapy...increases systolic blood pressure...may increase diastolic blood pressure."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30073551

"sex differences in adrenal androgen production in humans & both nonhuman primate & nonprimate animal models, which present varying degrees of sexual dimorphism in adrenal structure & function."
"basis of observed sex differences remains poorly understood"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635502

Intracranial Hypertension in Transgender Patients
journals.lww.com/jneuro-ophthal…

https://twitter.com/jbpierce_lab/status/1206649151477501952

Compromised endothelial function in transgender men taking testosterone
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.11…

Hypertension prevalence, awareness, control & association with metabolic abnormalities in the San Marino population
"compared to normotensives, hypertensive subjects were less frequently smokers (20.1 versus 27.8%),...& a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (15.8 versus 6.3%)"

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and ACE activities display tissue-specific sensitivity to undernutrition-programmed hypertension in the adult rat.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203874

Differential Downregulation of ACE2 by the Spike Proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Human Coronavirus NL63
jvi.asm.org/content/84/2/1…

Is angiotensin I-converting enzyme a "master" disease gene?
ACE D/D genotype...associated w/ increased levels of tissue ACE expression at protein level...overactivity of ACE...involved in pathogenesis of common diseases
ACE inhibition=treatment/prevention.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12458570

Association of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene G2350A dimorphism with essential hypertension
nature.com/articles/10016…

Does Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE)/ACE2 Balance Contribute to Fate of Angiotensin Peptides in Programmed Hypertension?
"ACE2 pathway may also be affected & counterbalance ACE, giving rise to the vasodilatory & antiproliferative peptide Ang (1–7)."
ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.11…

A New Essential Hypertension Susceptibility Locus on Chromosome 2p24-p25, Detected by Genomewide Search
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

High prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a working population in Hungary.
"A high proportion of relatively young and apparently healthy Hungarian employees were diagnosed with prehypertension and hypertension."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22052074

Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension in Indonesian Adults Aged ≥40 Years: Findings from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS)
"Hypertension is the major driver of the cardiovascular epidemic facing Indonesia in the 21st century."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Prevalence & determinants of hypertension in Algerian Sahara
"Epidemiological studies...indicate...hypertension is a major public health problem...high sodium content in drinking water in...region could play a major role in the development of hypertension"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17921815

Hypertension among Tunisian adults: results of the TAHINA project
"However, current smokers had less hypertension rate (22.8%) than did ex-smokers (33.5%) and non-smokers (32.5%)"
nature.com/articles/hr201…

Problem of hypertension in Egypt
"The problem is complicated by the low awareness rates, only 38% of hypertensive Egyptians were aware of having high blood pressure, only 24% were receiving treatment, whereas control rates (<140/90 mmHg) were 8%"
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…

Positive association between ATP2B1 rs17249754 and essential hypertension: a case-control study in Burkina Faso, West Africa
bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11…

Interaction according to urinary sodium excretion level on the association between ATP2B1 rs17249754 and incident hypertension: Korean genome epidemiology study.
excessive sodium intake=ATP2B1 rs17249754 mutant allele carriers at high risk of hypertension"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27149052

Evaluation of Blood Pressure Control and Associated Factors among Patients with Hypertension in Iraq: A Prospective Cross-sectional Study
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Prevalence and Control of Hypertension in Iraqi Diabetic Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study
"This study confirms that hypertension was seen in ~90% of diabetic patients in Iraq, and approximately half of them were achieving a target BP < 130/80 mmHg."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Prevalence of Hypertension in Iran 1980–2012: A Systematic Review
"prevalence of hypertension in Iran was close to the highest figure reported in the Middle East. This study revealed the need for a regular survey of hypertension"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Hypertension and renal disease in Puerto Ricans.
Hypertension and ESRD constitute a major health threat to Puerto Ricans...In the Hispanic population of the United States, Puerto Ricans seem to have a worse health status than Mexican & Cuban Americans.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10616161

High Prevalence of Hypertension in a Danish Population Telemedical Home Measurement of Blood Pressure in Citizens Aged 55–64 Years in Holstebro County
"One third of citizens in age group 55–64 years had abnormally high HBP, one fourth either had WCH or MH"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension: Rule of thirds in the Skaraborg project

"In men, current smoking was less common among those aware of their hypertension (7% vs. 16%), and more had quit smoking (56% vs. 33%)"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Steep decline in blood pressures in Norway
In Nord Trøndelag County, in the central part of the country, the proportion of men with high blood pressure decreased from 61% to 36% over 20 years. In women from this same study, the decline was from 54% to 29%.
sciencenorway.no/forskningno-hi…

Mitochondrial Haplogroups & Risk of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
"mitochondrial haplogroups influence risk of PAH...vulnerability to PAH may have emerged under selective enrichment of specific haplogroups...w/ the migration of populations out of Africa"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Y Chromosome, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease
"examining Y chromosome lineage influences [on]...efficacy of...antihypertensive & anti-inflammatory agents...of great value...paving way for using Y chromosome phylogenetic tree in prescribing choices.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Association of Renin and Aldosterone With Ethnicity and Blood Pressure: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
"compared with...whites, blacks have lower aldosterone & Hispanics have higher PRA, whereas levels in Chinese are not significantly different"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

ACE2 of the heart: From angiotensin I to angiotensin (1–7)
"Elevated ACE2 expression at the initial stage of several pathologies which decline w/ progression of disease might indicate a protective role for ACE2."
academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/…

Paraguayan National Blood Pressure Study: prevalence of hypertension in the general population.
"Almost half the subjects w/ measured moderate or severe hypertension were unaware that they had raised BP. Hypertension is a major health problem in Paraguay."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8583468

Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics
"data are consistent with...proposed...migration from Pannonia to Northern Italy"
"we cannot reject the migration..of the Longobards described in historical texts."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Renin Angiotensin System Gene Polymorphisms and Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation
"This study suggests that a polymorphism in the AGT gene known to be involved in blood pressure control is also associated with cerebral VR.
ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/ST…

Polymorphisms of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Gene in Chinese Han Patients with Nonfamilial Atrial Fibrillation
"Via a large-scale...study, we found that rs3789678 site was potential susceptible locus of AF whereas rs11568023 was protective factor"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Emergence and evolution of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
"We suggest that the sustaining efforts in better understanding the RAAS will have soon
importance in the study of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22527880

Revisiting the Brain Renin-Angiotensin System—Focus on Novel Therapies
"evidence that angiotensin synthesis occurs independently at brain tissue sites is lacking. Renin is absent & brain angiotensin levels are exceptionally low as compared to other organs"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Relationship between intrarenal renin-angiotensin activity & re-hospitalization in patients w/ heart failure w/ reduced ejection fraction
"some...discontinue...because of...side effects of ARBs...hypotension, hyperkalemia, renal dysfunction & angioedema"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Polymorphism in Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Associated w/ Age at Diagnosis in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
"polymorphism in AGTR1 appears...associated with..later age at diagnosis in IPAH...pathway could be involved in..biologic variability...in PAH"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

The Angiotensin II type 1 receptor 1166C polymorphism associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm in three independent cohorts
"Genetic polymorphisms of the RAS have been implicated as potential susceptibility candidates in a variety of vascular disorders including...hypertension."

Human maternal heritage in Andalusia (Spain): its composition reveals high internal complexity and distinctive influences of mtDNA haplogroups U6 and L in the western and eastern side of region
bmcgenet.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11…

Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress-a review
"Acute cigarette smoke has a suppressive effect on the number of eosinophils and several inflammatory cytokines, possibly due to the anti-inflammatory effect of carbon monoxide"
thorax.bmj.com/content/59/8/7…

Management of Acute Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension:
"Acute pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)..may complicate the course of many complex disorders, is always underdiagnosed and its treatment frequently begins only after..complications have developed."
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.11…

Human Protein Atlas
Gene: ACE2
Description: Angiotensin I converting enzyme 2
Predicted location: Membrane,Secreted
RNA tissue distribution: In many
Protein expression: Selective membranous expression in renal tubules, intestinal tract, gallbladder, testis
proteinatlas.org/ENSG0000013023…

Vitamin D & African Americans
"it is...increasingly apparent that vitamin D protects against other chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some cancers, all of which are as prevalent or more prevalent among blacks than whites."
academic.oup.com/jn/article/136…

"Kumar et al. concluded that genetic variation affects lung volumes. In...African Americans, in whom there is considerable ancestral admixture with genes from Europeans, they found a significant inverse association between lung function & African ancestry"
erj.ersjournals.com/content/41/6/1…

"Compared to never smokers, current smokers were 29% less likely to have uncontrolled BP in non-Hispanic whites... However, current smoking is associated with an increased likelihood of uncontrolled systolic-diastolic BP in non-Hispanic blacks"
journals.plos.org/plosone/articl…

vitamin D inhibited renin, ACE & Ang II expression & induced ACE2 levels in LPS-induced ALI. Therefore, vitamin D may attenuate LPS-Induced ALI by, at least partially, inducing ACE2/Ang-(1–7) axis activity & inhibiting renin and the ACE/Ang II/AT1R cascade
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Vitamin D Depletion Aggravates Hypertension and Target‐Organ Damage
"Short‐term severe vitamin D depletion aggravated hypertension and target‐organ damage...data suggest that even short‐term severe vitamin D deficiency may directly promote hypertension"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Low Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Tobacco-Related Cancer
"We found that lower concentrations of 25(OH)D were associated with higher risk of tobacco-related cancer, but not of other cancers"
academic.oup.com/clinchem/artic…

Vitamin D deficiency was common in all patients at a Swedish primary care centre, but more so in patients born outside of Europe
"The main finding of the study was the high rate of vitamin D deficiency & insufficiency among patients born outside of Europe"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Global Vitamin D Status
vitamin D deficiency is common in Europe, specific at risk groups include non-western immigrants & institutionalized elderly...role of latitude in vitamin D status is not completely clear...may be due to diet or a genetic adaptation
jarlife.net/703-the-global…

Effect of Vitamin D on Blood Pressure and Hypertension in the General Population
"supplementation with vitamin D does not lower blood pressure in the general population...we do not recommend using vitamin D supplementation to prevent hypertension"
cdc.gov/pcd/issues/202…

'Effect of Serum Cotinine on Vitamin D Serum Concentrations Among American Females with Different Ethnic Backgrounds'

Vitamin D deficiency in active smokers:
FEMALE:
Black 58.7%
Hispanic 19.9%
White 11.4%

MALE:
Black 43.1%
Hispanic 11.8%
White 4.8%
ar.iiarjournals.org/content/35/2/1…

Relationship of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older community-dwelling adults
"lower quartiles of serum 25(OH)D were older, more likely to be female, current non-smokers, physically inactive"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

25-Hydroxyvitamin D in African-origin populations at varying latitudes challenges construct of a physiologic norm
"25(OH)D in dark-skinned...in W. hemisphere & West, South, East Africa follow...pattern anticipated on the basis of latitude at...residence"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels as an Aging Marker: Strong Associations With Age and All-Cause Mortality Independent From Telomere Length, Epigenetic Age Acceleration, and 8-Isoprostane Levels "The 25(OH)D level can be regarded as an aging marker"
academic.oup.com/biomedgerontol…

Vitamin D deficiency was associated with lower lung function & more rapid lung function decline in smokers over 20 years in this longitudinal cohort of elderly men...vitamin D sufficiency may have a protective effect against the damaging effects of smoking
atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.11…

The nuclear vitamin D receptor controls the expression of genes encoding factors which feed the “Fountain of Youth” to mediate healthful aging
"through control of key genes, VDR indeed feeds the “Fountain of Youth” and allows one to age well..."
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…

ACE2 in tumor growth and tumor-associated angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer
"overexpression of ACE2 may have a protective effect by inhibiting cell growth and VEGFa production in vitro. ACE2 may become a target of novel strategies to treat NSCLC"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20204277

Angiotensin II blockade: how its molecular targets may signal to mitochondria and slow aging. Coincidences with calorie restriction and mTOR inhibition
"renin-angiotensin system blockade...may turn out to provide relief to...age-associated chronic disease"
journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.11…

Race may influence effect of vitamin D supplementation in healthy men
Lower vitamin D-binding protein level associated with larger increase in free vitamin D for healthy white men after vitamin D supplementation
Opposite observed in healthy South Asian men
healio.com/endocrinology/…

Why the optimal requirement for Vitamin D3 is probably much higher than what is officially recommended for adults
"health consequences of modern life must include diseases whose prevalence correlates with latitude & UVB exposure."
(Hypertension & Diabetes)
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…

"closed environments contribute to secondary transmission of COVID-19 and promote superspreading events"
"consistent with...transmission events such as...ski chalet-associated cluster in France and the church &
hospital-associated clusters in South Korea."
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…

Effect of vitamin D supplementation on free and total vitamin D: A comparison of Asians and Caucasians
Increasing calcium absorption might have unexpected & undesirable consequences in ethnic group already at higher risk for cardiovascular & renal disease
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.11…

The Problems of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Older People
"Vitamin D status is commonly related inversely to blood pressure"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

New Zealand Ministry of Health - Around 5% of adults in New Zealand are deficient in vitamin D (Adult Nutrition Survey 2008/09).
Risk factors:
Having naturally very dark skin. This includes people from Africa, the Indian subcontinent and Middle East.
health.govt.nz/your-health/he…

Scotland: Vitamin D improves endothelial function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and low vitamin D levels
"Vitamin D may improve endothelial function indirectly by reducing blood pressure"
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.11…

A Dermatologist's Perspective on Vitamin D
conversion of previtamin D3 to the inactive photoproducts lumisterol & tachysterol balances the cutaneous biosynthesis of vitamin D3 as a feedback loop....one cannot “overdose” on vitamin D3 by photoexposure alone
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

Vitamin D Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Applications
The intensity of UVB from sunlight varies according to season & latitude, so the further one lives from the equator, the less time of the year one can rely on solar exposure to produce D3
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…

"intracellular paradoxical Ca overload as a consequence of calcium deficiency may give rise to a number of diseases common in old age: hypertension, arteriosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, malignancy, & degenerative joint disease"
link.springer.com/article/10.100…

The parathyroid glands and vitamin D
"It is clear from the foregoing that an excess of PTH or vitamin D leads to hypercalcemia and that the resulting symptoms will be multiple."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK24/

Primary hyperparathyroidism & vitamin D deficiency:
"Vitamin D deficiency may be found in the context of primary hyperparathyroidism. When present, vitamin D supplementation should be initiated cautiously, as it may aggravate primary hyperparathyroidism"
endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0032/ea0032…

Severe vitamin D deficiency is common in critically ill patients at a high northern latitude
Vitamin D deficiency is very common in critically ill patients at high northern latitudes, patients with severely deficient vitamin D levels had longer ICU stays
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.111…

analyses of UVB irradiance & cancer incidence..worldwide have shown..higher rates for countries that are further away from the equator..This pattern has held true for cancers of the colon, breast, pancreas, ovary, brain, bladder, kidney, & multiple myeloma
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

A Practical Approach to Home UVB Phototherapy for the Treatment of Generalized Psoriasis
"home UVB phototherapy may be an additional therapeutic option. Previous studies have shown this treatment to be well tolerated, efficacious, and economical."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

UVBiotek - The Full-Body Clinical Phototherapy System
"Narrowband UVB Systems deliver exceptionally fast treatments with a 100mJ dose usually being administrated in less than 10 seconds during the first 500 hours of lamp life."
uvbiotek.com/full-body-clin…