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Psychologist Robert Kegan's work on stages of adult development has been one of the most influential on me in the last year (thanks @GrahamDuncanNYC)

In short, Kegan believes development is the ability to make object what was once subject, unlocking higher level systems thinking
Very useful as a framework for improving as a manager, in relationships, and in thinking broadly.

Good Stanford Psychology summary here: tomprof.stanford.edu/posting/1110
There are 5 stages of adult development in Kegan's model. A few of the stages (what he calls "Orders"):

Order 0: Total inability to grasp concepts or separate any experiences from the self. Are subject to everything occurring around then. Newborn babies are Order 0.
Order 3 ("Socialized Mind"): Ability to construct durable categories and think across them (beginnings of systems level thinking). Experience others as sources of internal validation, orientation, or authority. Most adults.
Order 5 ("Self-Transforming Mind"): Ability to generalize across abstractions (advanced systems level thinking). Able to step outside own frame when looking at systems. Kegan estimates less than 1% of all adults become self-transforming.
Excellent leaders create the conditions to help others reach higher levels. Specifically, they create holding environments that allow others to build a consciousness bridge from one order to the next. These environments are extremely rare.

Here is an example in student coaching:
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