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Dlm HAM, ada duty bearer (negara) & rights holder (masy. sipil).

Negara wajib melindungi, mempromosikan & memenuhi HAM rakyatnya.

Tapi HAM sendiri terbagi dua jenis, non-derogable (mutlak) & derogable rights (bs dibatasi). Hak berpendapat adalah derogable right yg bs dibatasi.
Hak berpendapat adalah salah satu derogable right yg dicakup dlm kovenan int. hak sipil & politik (ICCPR), turunan deklarasi universal HAM (UDHR).

Lalu apa yg termasuk non-derogable rights/mutlak dlm ICCPR? Hak hidup, merasa aman, tdk disiksa, beragama, kemerdekaan dlm berpikir.
Mengacu pada Syracuse Principles (1995) kebebasan berpendapat adalah hak yg dapat dibatasi demi keamanan nasional, ketertiban hukum & nama baik org lain.

Tapi dlm bbrp kasus, pembatasan ini jg berpotensi jadi penyalahgunaan kekuasaan, atau hukum tdk tepat guna (e.g. UU ITE).
Pembatasan kebebasan berpendapat tdk jarang berujung masalah, krn tdk tepat guna/tdk kontekstual.

Misal, kasus mbak Prita yg sempat ditahan krn protesnya ke suatu RS.

Atau aktivis Ternate yg sempat dikriminalisasi krn merekam & menyebarkan video pungli oknum pihak berwajib.
Lantas, konteks spt apa yg dimaksud dlm pembatasan hak berpendapat?

Spt yg sdh disebutkan, bila pendapat tsb bisa mengancam keamanan, ketertiban hukum & nama baik org lain. Tentu ini terjadi saat info tsb terbukti tdk valid/hoaks, rekayasa & tdk sesuai dgn kenyataan yg terjadi.
Catatan: dlm ICCPR yg mengatur hak sipil politik & derogable/non-derogable right, negara bersifat pasif & akomodatif.

Maka, hak berpendapat ideal adalah yg tdk dilindungi pasal karet spt UU ITE yg bs disalahgunakan oknum2 utk mengalihkan isu, dan mengkriminalisasi yg benar.
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