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Those who argue that Western China engagement led to the development of China’s civil society are only partly right. Civil society assistance has always been limited to few selected grant makers. Much more could have been done /1

chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/publications/t…
For more context see also my open access research paper on how foundations—foreign and domestic, public and private, operating and grant making—have engaged with Chinese civil society organisations in an authoritarian political context /2

bacsuk.org.uk/journal/journa…
Another open access research article of mine showed how German development aid failed to comprehensively support participatory development in the PR China. The German government did too little to support China’s civil society /3

…ossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/iaf/…
Instead of a maximal Western China engagement we saw a minimal China engagement, limited to commerce and narrow elite channels. Greed and fear of upsetting the CCP prevented a broader and deeper engagement with mainland China’s nascent civil society /End
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Andreas Fulda
@AMFChina
“Double-track strategy” of “partnership” on climate change and “critical dialogue” on HK, human rights & market access etc. Such terms are frequently used by German politicians and diplomats, but in fact they obscure rather than elucidate Germany’s China policy /1
Germany's foreign trade policy towards China isn't "strategic" but transactional. German gov't seems beholden to narrow corporate interests of German car manufacturers & chemical industry. Putting so many eggs in the Chinese market also enhances the CCP's leverage over Germany /2
Or let's talk about "partnership" on climate change. An insane amount of coal power plants are currently under construction in China. Whenever the economy needs to be stimulated the Chinese party-state ignores international climate change agreements /3
wired.com/story/china-is…
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Andreas Fulda
@AMFChina
"Playing hardball with China works – the west is right to move to a ‘constrainment’ strategy" - My new op-ed in @ConversationUK, 12 June 2020 1/32

theconversation.com/playing-hardba…
"Global attitudes towards the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are hardening. In 2019, the European Union declared the PRC a 'systemic rival' amid rising trade tensions." 2/32

politico.eu/article/eu-sla…
"In May 2020, the White House published a paper that described the US’s competitive approach to the PRC based on 'principled realism'." 3/32

whitehouse.gov/wp-content/upl…
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Andreas Fulda
@AMFChina
There are a lot of people who still think in binary China engagement vs containment categories.

They should re-read Gerald Segal's 1996 article "East Asia and the 'Constrainment' of China" in International Security.

We need constrainment policies towards CCP-led China.
The key paragraph in Gerald Segal's article is this one:

"Formulating a policy of 'constrainment' requires an assessment of whether China's neighbors and powers further afield are strong enough to resist China." /1
"I argue that they are, but that it also requires the will to do so. The evidence presented below suggests that most states lack the will to constrain China."

This was Segal's assessment in 1996. In 2020 will there finally be more countries willing to constrain CCP-led China?
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