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亨廷顿讲文化多元化(他实际是指种族和宗教多元化)挑战国家认同,很多国人赞同,引用的人似乎比在美国还多。亨氏理论有两大问题:一是不符合历史,美国有史以来最大的国家认同危机是发生在安格鲁撒克逊族裔(当时南欧和东欧人也被安撒裔视为非我族类)内部,导致内战、战胜方对战败方实施军管。1/n
相反,在非安格鲁撒克逊族裔占比较高的地区,比如德克萨斯,居民对共同体(德克萨斯共和国、德克萨斯州)的认同程度却相当高。二是亨氏混淆了国家认同、政治认同、种族认同和文化认同(他其实是指昂格鲁撒克逊种族的基督教新教的宗教认同)。2/n
美国历史和现实中不存在一个统一的新教,历次cultural war,支持或反对奴隶制、种族隔离、堕胎、同性恋、进化论、疫苗、移民等,主战场也是在白人新教信徒中,而且当今在堕胎、同性恋、移民问题上的立场跟对美国的国家认同没有因果关系,只有大致党派关联,顶多算影响政治认同。其他族裔也是这样。3/n
从以往的情况看,宗教和文化认同可能影响政治认同,但并不必然影响国家认同。亨廷顿的理论有浓厚的神学色彩,可能比较适合国内知识分子的口味。把文化认同等同于种族认同和宗教认同可能是出于一种历史记忆。4/n
但把文化认同、种族认同、宗教认同跟政治认同、国家认同搅到一起,则是党派政治的传统路数,屡试不爽,比如川普的最铁杆支持者是白人福音派信徒,他们中的很多人把政治认同等同于宗教/文化/种族认同,更具体一点就是反堕胎、反同性恋、反移民,而且跟国家认同挂钩——尽管没有多少关系。5/n
目前美国政治的很多冲突都有内战后遗症的色彩;甚至可以说,川普领着屡败屡战的白人优越主义者打了一场文化和意识形态的南北战争。不过,就像山姆休斯顿当年警告的那样,历史和上帝都不在他们那一边。6/6
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