In case there's doubt that the virus can spread through respiratory particles that float in air and travel far, I wanted to share these studies:
1. Indoor airborne event: plant worker transmits virus to those 24ft away in area w/re-circulated air 1/n papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf…
2. Super-spreader at choir: of 27 participants, 70% diagnosed w/COVID-19; 36% hospitalized; 21% ICU.
It was indoors w/no ventilation. Spread was likely through both big droplets that fall to the ground & airborne aerosols that float 2/n medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
3. JAMA: super-spreader infects 23 on bus: "Airborne spread of SARS-CoV-2 seems likely to have contributed to the high attack rate in the exposed bus" The AC unit was set to "re-circulation mode" 3/n jamanetwork.com/journals/jamai…
4. CDC: Another choir super-spreading event: following practice, 32 confirmed; 20 probable secondary cases. "The act of singing, itself, might have contributed to transmission through emission of aerosols, which is affected by loudness of vocalization" 4/n cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/6…
5. Coronavirus is in the air: 94 employees (out of 216) were infected in a call center in South Korea, a 43.5% attack rate! Nearly all of them sat on the same side of the building, suggesting airflow as culprit 5/n wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26…
6. Another study pointing to coronavirus in the air: an asymptomatic individual sitting at a table in a restaurant infected people sitting at two other tables that were facing an Air Conditioning unit, pointing to recirculated air as the culprit 6/n wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26…
7. NATURE: virus captured from aerosols: Aerosols emitted by SARS-CoV-2 patients contain the virus and the virus can infect cells 7/n nature.com/articles/s4159…
8. Another study shows viable SARS-CoV-2 captured from air samples, this time 2-5 meters away with COVID-19 patients. Virus is stable and in respiratory aerosols that can float far. 8/n medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
9. CDC: Virus is stable in air: once airborne, SARS-CoV-2 retains ability to infect for at least 16 hrs. It's hardier in aerosols than SARS-1 or MERS
This helps explain why airborne route could be major culprit 9/n
A thread on how Paxlovid💊neutralizes the virus👇 1/5
2/The SARS-CoV-2 virus is made up of components (proteins, RNA, lipids) that come together and give rise to functional virus particles. Paxlovid blocks the ability of some of the proteins to function, resulting in a defective virus. Here's how…
3/Normally, when the virus infects cells, its RNA genome replicates, the RNA is turned into proteins, & proteins come together to make new viruses.
When the proteins are made, they're initially strung together, but they need to be freed from one another in order to do their job
Electric Vehicle battery & grid battery supply chains are coming to the USA 🇺🇸
$2.8 Billion in awards to support 20 companies to manufacture domestically
This is 1st of set of investments to build out battery manufacturing
A thread on projects👇1/22
2/22
Albemarle: project objective to construct new, commercial-scale U.S.-
based lithium materials processing plant at Kings Mountain, North
Carolina that uses sustainably extracted minerals from the site’s lithium mine.
3/22
American Battery Technology Company: commercial-scale facility to manufacture battery cathode lithium hydroxide from Nevada-based lithium-bearing sedimentary resources.
The Inflation Reduction Act Congress just passed includes a historic $369 billion investment to 1) lower energy costs; 2) revitalize US manufacturing; 3) slash greenhouse gasses by 40%; and 4) address environmental justice. Here are a few highlights from this bill🧵
1. Lowers energy costs for consumers:
Includes rebates to install electric & low emission appliances in homes
Also includes tax credits to make homes energy efficient, install solar, geothermal, etc...
$7,500 consumer credit to purchase clean cars like EVs; $4K for used🚘
2. Supports nationwide clean energy manufacturing base
Tax credits for manufacturers of clean energy technologies
Grants and loans so auto makers can retool & produce clean cars, like Electric Vehicles
Funds R&D @ENERGY National Labs to develop next-gen energy technologies
1/Early diagnosis, isolation & contact tracing of close contacts are key to controling the Monkeypox outbreak.
Here are the European Union health authority's recommendations for who should be contact traced during this outbreak: the four categories of "close contacts" include:🧵
2/
🔹️Sexual partners: those with any type of sexual contact with MPX cases from the onset of symptoms
🔹️Household contacts: those living in same household (inc. overnight camping/stay) with MPX cases; those sharing clothing, bedding, utensils; or caregivers of MPX cases
3/
🔹️Health workers coming into contact w/patient's lesions or w/prolonged face-to-face contact (>3 hrs at < 2m distance) or involved w/aerosol generating procedures—all without PPE
🔹️Other: case-by-case, may include those sitting next to MPX case during prolonged travel
1/Monkeypox is a member of the Poxviridae family. These are large viruses with large DNA genomes (∼200 thousand bases🧬). By comparison, sars-cov-2 has ~30 thousand. And since its genome is made of RNA it mutates more than monkeypox. Nice review article:rb.gy/higk98🧵
2/Monkeypox is closely related to the infamous smallpox. After smallpox was eradicated through a global vaccination campaign we rightly stopped vaccinating against it. But that allowed monkeypox, once confined to remote areas, to spread more.
3/While the monkeypox case fatality is lower than smallpox—which had a whopping 30% case fatality—monkeypox is quite serious and lethal. Historically the Central African clade had a 10.6% fatality, while the West African clade was 3.6%. The latter has spread around the world.
1/📌What if we had the ability to stop #SARSCoV2—and all its variants—from infecting us?
We do. It's called an N95 mask. When worn properly it catches over 95% of airborne particles—mechanicaly & electrostatically.
It's excellent against #Omicron. A thread on how it works🧵
2/N95 respirators are made of polypropylene material that go through a "melt blowing" process where it's melted & extruded through small-diameter holes into hundreds of tiny fibers (like spaghetti) that are tangled together. They block incoming particles. rb.gy/nz3vgx
3/The fibers are then charged. This is done by passing them through device that produces static electricity. Like rubbing a balloon on your head, but it's permanent. The charge makes them 10 times better at capturing particles than material without charge. nature.com/articles/d4158…