Shore School scandal: More thoughts. The planned tasks for the Year 12 boys’ ‘muck-up day’ included potential sexual assaults and sexual humiliations of girls and women. Coercive and deceptive behaviour, that would cause real harm. 1/8
What’s the explanation? Hypermasculine and sexist peer cultures. Including a sense of entitlement and a ‘born to rule’ mentality. Tight group loyalties and the exclusion of others. Codes of silence and cover-up. 2/8
Sexist, harassing, and sexual coercive behaviour also has been visible in other all-male or male-dominated contexts: other boys’ schools, military university, sporting codes, all-male residential campus colleges, and workplaces. This stuff isn't 'bad apples', it's cultural. 3/8
There has been little research comparing social outcomes among boys in single-sex and mixed-school schools. But there’s good evidence that patriarchal peer cultures among boys, in either type of school feed into sexual harassment and violence against girls (and between boys). 4/8
These boys’ attitudes and behaviours are sustained by *wider social norms and inequalities*. Large proportions of young men endorse the ideas that men should be dominant in relationships, men should use violence to get respect, and women often say ‘no’ when they mean ‘yes’. 5/8
These young men are showing risk factors for perpetrating rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. Young men aged 15-19 are the most common age group to perpetrate sexual violence. The attitudes and behavours on display here comprise, or feed into, sexual assault. 6/8
Among adult men who rape and assault women, a key predictor is having done this in their teens. Three-quarters of adult men who have ever committed rape first perpetrated sexual violence as adolescents. Adult men who rape or harass women don’t come out of thin air… 7/8
Responses? 1) Hold these boys to account. Take such behaviours very seriously. Have strong policies and processes. 2) Implement intensive intervention into sexist peer cultures. 3) Education and communications campaigns. Here’s a free book on how: xyonline.net/content/new-bo… 8/8
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Sexism (attitudes and behaviours that support men’s dominance over women):
Four reasons why it is particularly important to address sexism among *men*, not women
1/5
Yes, both women and men may hold sexist attitudes and act in ways that prop up patriarchal gender inequalities.
At the same time, there are good reasons to target men in particular.
2/5
Men are *more likely* than women to hold sexist attitudes - there is a consistent gender gap in attitudes towards gender, with men’s attitudes less progressive than women’s.
See this free book chapter:
3/5xyonline.net/content/men-an…
The problem of focusing on what women can do to avoid becoming rape victims
Responses to my tweets on men’s sexual violence against women, particularly by men, often focus on what women can do to avoid or escape this violence. There are 5 problems with this:
1/10
1) Women are told throughout their lives what to do to try to avoid rape. 2) If this is *all* we do, this is victim-blaming. 3) Women already use a whole range of strategies to try to lessen their risk. 4) This focus does nothing to hold perpetrators to account.
2/10
5) Perhaps most importantly of all, focusing on what potential victims of sexual violence can do to lessen their risk does nothing to *prevent violence perpetration in the first place*.
3/10
Men and violence against women: Some men think that if they themselves are not perpetrating domestic or sexual violence against women, the problem has nothing to do with them. But it does. A consistent predictor of men’s use of domestic and sexual violence is...
1/5
A consistent predictor of men’s use of domestic and sexual violence is their *perception of peer support*: the extent to which they think that the men around them condone, support, and themselves use violence against women.
Male peer support is a key risk factor for perpetration.
One key reason many men don’t recognise our roles in preventing and reducing rape is that we don't realise that most rapes are by men known to the victim, in a familiar location, without serious physical injury, and that rapes are common. Many men have a mistaken idea of rape
1/6
Men often imagine some crazed guy, in a park, violently raping a passing woman.
Men often don’t think of what’s far more common:
A man pressuring his date into sex.
A man expecting that his wife will have sex whenever he wants to.
A man taking advantage of a drunk woman. Etc.
2/6
Men, and to a lesser extent women, often believe, mistakenly, that most rapes are by strangers, in a public place, & involving severe physical force, contributing to the neglect of the reality of sexual violence and to victim-blaming.
Report, p. 54: ncas.anrows.org.au/wp-content/upl…
Violence and gender: Men’s rights advocates (MRAs) like to cherrypick findings that show or seem to show that domestic violence against men is more common than DV against women. The latest example comes from a multi-country study of university staff’s experience of violence.
1/5
MRAs claim the study shows more men than women have experienced physical domestic violence.
Two problems: 1) The study *is not* about DV. All the questions ask about violence by someone connected with the institution – other staff or students - not about intimate partners 2/5
2) The study shows that women suffer *more* violence than men. Women suffer more violence overall, and more psychological violence, economic violence, sexual violence, and sexual harassment. See the table, p. 33
The full report is here: 3/5 zenodo.org/records/754022…
Fostering Healthy Masculinities among Men and Boys
First, let’s define ‘masculinity’: The socially learnt roles, behaviours, and attributes that are seen as appropriate for boys and men in a given society.
There are diverse versions of masculinity in different contexts.
1/13
But in many contexts, masculinity is defined in terms of dominance over women, sexual entitlement, homophobia, aggression, rigid stoicism, etc.
There are various terms for this form of masculinity: Hegemonic. Sexist. Traditional. Toxic. Patriarchal. I’ll go with the last of these
There are three compelling rationales for critical attention to masculinities 1) Patriarchal forms of masculinity are implicated in a series of social problems: public violence, sexual and reproductive health, suicide, alcohol & drug use, mental health, occupational injuries, etc