CDC's new guidance is out: "COVID-19 can sometimes be spread by airborne transmission" cdc.gov/coronavirus/20… /1
"Some infections can be spread by exposure to virus in small droplets and particles that can linger in the air for minutes to hours. These viruses may be able to infect people who are further than 6 feet away from the person who is infected or after that person has left...." /2
"This kind of spread is referred to as airborne transmission and is an important way that infections like tuberculosis, measles, and chicken pox are spread." /3
"There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away. These transmissions occurred within enclosed spaces that had inadequate ventilation. Sometimes the infected person was breathing heavily..." /4
"Under these circumstances, scientists believe that the amount of infectious smaller droplet and particles produced by the people with COVID-19 became concentrated enough to spread the virus to other people." Yes, with inadequate ventilation. /5
"Available data indicate that it is much more common for the virus that causes COVID-19 to spread through close contact with a person who has COVID-19 than through airborne transmission." BUT it does spread at close contact *through the air*. /6
Glad to see this: "Avoid crowded indoor spaces and ensure indoor spaces are properly ventilated by bringing in outdoor air as much as possible. In general, being outdoors and in spaces with good ventilation reduces the risk of exposure to infectious respiratory droplets." /7
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Nearly tears of joy seeing new paper in medical journal with correct analysis and interpretation of aerosol transmission: thelancet.com/journals/lanre… See thread for summary of main points. /1
Where we have been: "Current infection control policies are based on the premise that most respiratory infections are transmitted by large respiratory droplets—ie, larger than 5 μm— produced by coughing and sneezing, then deposited
onto exposed fomite or mucosal surfaces." /2
Pathogens (e.g., M. tuberculosis, influenza, RSV, rhinovirus, many more) are consistently found in small aerosols <5 microns and if size-resolved data available, in much higher amounts than you would expect based on aerosol or droplet volume. /2
WHO's updated scientific brief on transmission of COVID-19 is a step in the right direction because they now acknowledge that airborne transmission may be occurring outside of specialized medical procedures, although they remain fixated on medical procedures as... /1
the main source of aerosols when we know they are generated by normal respiratory activities such as breathing, talking, singing, laughing, etc. /2
Exhaled breath is a significant source of SARS-CoV-2 emission medrxiv.org/content/10.110… Emission rate in exhaled breath of 1000-100,000 RNA copies/minute in 5/24 patients (<14 days). HT @TundraDesert /1
The 5 patients' hands all negative, only 2/22 phones positive, 0/26 swabs of handles positive, discounting direct contact. Other surfaces positive, prob by fecal or aerosol/droplet settling. /2
Previously, I estimated an emission rate of 10,000 copies/min from air measurements in hospitals in Nebraska and Singapore. We may be heading toward a robust number for those who emit virus into air. /3
Flushing the Toilet May Fling Coronavirus Aerosols All Over nytimes.com/2020/06/16/hea… Part 2: everything old is new again. See thread for prior work on this topic. /1
I got a little too excited at first about this paper about airborne transmission and masks. pnas.org/content/early/… See the thread for more /1
Fig. 2 shows cases leveling off exactly when masks are required, but there should be a delay. Is this actually when effects of stay-at-home and distancing orders from weeks ago kick in? /2
In part A of this figure, I feel like I could just as easily draw a straight line from the stay-at-home date to May 10 and get an equally good fit. Again, effect of masks should not kick in immediately. /3
I've been getting asked the question about universal masking and have gathered my thoughts. See thread. /1
There are reasons to think that universal mask wearing will allow us to re-open the economy, with restrictions, without causing huge spikes in cases that will overwhelm hospitals. /2
These reasons include our understanding of how masks work, how COVID-19 spreads, and indications that other countries with widespread mask wearing have much lower rates of infection. /3