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Lionel Page Profile picture
@page_eco
Nov 1, 2020 • 6 tweets • 3 min read • Read on X
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In Italy, fascist groups used violence against political opponents to deter them and prevent them from seating in Parliament.
from Ebner's amazon.com/Ordinary-Viole… Image
In France, militarised leagues went close to what seems a coup d'Etat in 1934, with riots generated by conspiracy theories around a corruption affair.
from Kalman's amazon.com.au/Extreme-Right-… ImageImage
Eventually, Germany's and Italy's democracy decayed into dictatorships.
There is definitely a lesson from history: democratic institutions can fail and we should not take them for granted. Image
In that light, what is happening in the USA is worrying. We see the emergence of violence and intimidation by political groups. What happened to Kamala Harris' bus in Texas should ring alarm bells for a democratic country.
It was furthermore encouraged by the President himself. Encouraging violent militias is a strategy we see in authoritarian regimes to influence political events and retain limited accountability.
journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00… Image
It is important to stress that what's happening is not comparable in magnitude to what happened in Europe in the 1920s-1930s. But the current events mark an erosion of democratic norms. US citizens attached to their institutions should recognise it as such.
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More from @page_eco

Lionel Page Profile picture
Oct 16
Discussions on the award of the Nobel Prize in economics to Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson have often focused on their empirical papers on economic growth.
A🧵 to point to the big picture: how they transformed the discipline. Image
It is easy, particularly for younger generations, to underestimate how transformational the AJR research program has been. Step back 25 years, and the economic discipline was still very traditional in how it viewed the economy. Image
The mechanisms economists could investigate to study growth were primarily the accumulation of factors of production: labour, capital, human capital, plus some not well-understood factors like technological efficiency. Image
Read 13 tweets
Lionel Page Profile picture
Sep 12
What is depression, and why does it exist?
In spite of its prevalence, depression and the factors causing it are still not well understood. A 🧵on how an adaptive approach to cognition can help us gain a better understanding of depression.
optimallyirrational.com/p/depression
Image
Happy and unhappy feelings can be seen as meant to help us make good decisions.👇
However, depression is characterised by a lack of motivation to engage with the outside world and a reluctance to take action. How can this be helpful in making decisions?
optimallyirrational.com/p/the-truth-ab…
Image
To understand depression, we need to understand moods. Moods are lasting positive or negative feelings. What's the point of having moods?
@RandyNesse made the point that moods can be understood as signals for the value of the situations we are in. Image
Read 8 tweets
Lionel Page Profile picture
Jun 27
Kahneman said: “The concept of loss aversion is certainly the most significant contribution of psychology to behavioral economics.”
In a new paper @kubitzg1 and I propose an explanation for it, as a feature of our cognition that helps us make good decisions. Image
Loss aversion is the fact that, subjectively, losing feels worse than winning feels good. The idea has been expressed throughout human history. It can be found, for instance, in Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments: Image
Loss aversion is one of the three pillars of Kahneman and Tversky's Prospect Theory which posits that subjective satisfaction is relative to a reference point. Outcomes above our reference point feel like gains and outcomes below feel like losses. Image
Read 26 tweets
Lionel Page Profile picture
May 2
Because talking to each other seems easy to us, we typically underappreciate the amazing cognitive feats we achieve in our everyday conversations. A 🧵 Image
While computers are extremely good at tasks humans find hard, like making complex calculations, they have struggled with tasks that humans find almost trivially easy, like language. It is part of the "Moravec paradox". Image
Our everyday communications may seem simple, but underneath, they are shaped by deep principles of cooperation that determine what we say and how we say it.
Read 20 tweets
Lionel Page Profile picture
Dec 9, 2023
We frequently lament the lack of quality information in the media. Yet, as consumers, we often seek not what's most accurate, but what aligns with our views. This shifts the information marketplace into a "marketplace of rationalisations". A🧵 Image
Concerns about the media aren't new. In the 20th century, intellectuals voiced worries about corporate mass media indoctrinating and dumbing down the public in ways that favoured the status quo of the political and economic order. Image
With the advent of the internet, there was hope for a decentralised public sphere, rich in idea exchange. But reality diverged from this ideal marketplace of ideas. Instead, concerns have risen about people increasingly being influenced by unreliable information. Image
Read 20 tweets
Lionel Page Profile picture
Nov 26, 2023
Why hasn't the Internet worked as a great public space where the best ideas win? Perhaps because it isn't how debates operate. Behind intellectual arguments, people aren't impartial thinkers; they advocate for their team.
A🧵on how coalitional thinking shapes our discussions. Image
Introductory example. When a Hayek citation criticising men's overconfidence was shared on a libertarian website, it was very poorly received. Ironically, the quote was from Hayek, the free-market economist. Who "said" it greatly influenced how the quote was perceived. Image
John Tooby--who recently passed away--and his wife Leda Cosmides, founded an influential school of evolutionary psychology. In a 2010 article, they highlighted the importance of our "coalitional psychology," that guides us in navigating ingroup cooperation & outgroup competition. Image
Read 16 tweets

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