Thoughts on Beowulf scholarship from a non-expert:
There are all these theories on why the story loops and digresses so much, e.g. "it has story-rings just like there are rings in the story!"
It seems to me these people have never watched anyone channel-hop on TV?
Or go online for that matter. I bet you could find browser histories that exactly reproduce the structure of Beowulf:
1) Here's some interesting history 2) I'm gonna watch a big fight 3) Oh, and a rematch 4) Here are some classic fights 5) Ooh, a story about an evil leader
etc.
I get that there's this Aristotelian concept of organic unity, but it's not clear to me that it's a thing actual consumers of stories want.
Similarly, people ask why the Beowulf-Grendel fight gets repeated (I believe 4 times!). Like... have you heard of re-runs?
I think there are interesting arguments about the unity of the poem, and I think it's enjoyable to think of the story that way, and even pretty clearly applicable at certain points. But if it's meant for anything like a general audience... general audiences like digression.
That is, how do we know we're not doing the equivalent of looking for organic unity in a season of Law and Order, or whatever?
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Excellent quotation from Paxton's "The Anatomy of Fascism:
If asked what manner of beast fascism is, most people would answer, without hesitation, “fascism is an ideology.”
The fascist leaders themselves never stopped saying that they were prophets of an idea, unlike the materialist liberals and socialists. Hitler talked ceaselessly of Weltanschauung, or “worldview,” an uncomely word he successfully forced on the attention of the whole world.
Mussolini vaunted the power of the Fascist creed. A fascist, by this approach, is someone who espouses fascist ideology—an ideology being more than just ideas, but a total system of thought harnessed to a world-shaping project.
So, there's a story often told that the German Army invested in rockets post-WWI because the Versailles Treaty didn't anticipate rockets and thus didn't forbid them.
According to one of the leading scholars on German spaceflight history, Michael Neufeld, this probably isn't true. In fact, the Germans regularly violated the treaty by finding loopholes.
Neufeld: “The degree to which violation of the treaty was taken for granted in secret rearmament projects, and the intimate relationship between illegal chemical weapons and the early army rocket program, casts much doubt on the oft-repeated cliche that Ordnance’s interest in
Atrocities were committed by both sides. That fall [1944] our fighter group received orders from the Eighth Air Force to stage a maximum effort.
Our seventy-five Mustangs were assigned an area of fifty miles by fifty miles inside Germany and ordered to strafe anything that moved. The object was to demoralize the German population.
Nobody asked our opinion about whether we were actually demoralizing the survivors or maybe enraging them to stage their own maximum effort in behalf of the Nazi war effort. We weren't asked how we felt zapping people.
Here's Yves, Béon, survivor of Dora labor camp, where the death rate was 1 in 3, and the V-1s and V-2s were built. From his book, Planet Dora, 1985, originally in French.
“But these men at Dora, Ellrich, Harzungen, in the small kommandos or during the evacuation, had held on.
Even dead, burned, or thrown upon a pile of human trash, they were victors. They had shown and proved with their martyred bodies that human beings must never give in, never surrender, never submit to tyranny.
They had proved it our after hour through agonized weeks, months, and centuries.
Literary Fun Fact: Before he was a famous author, Arthur Conan Doyle had formative experiences as a doctor on a whaling ship. Here's a particularly funny passage from his memoirs "Memories and Adventures."
To appreciate a woman one has to be out of sight of one for six months. I can well remember that as we rounded the north of Scotland on our return we dipped our flag to the lighthouse, being only some hundreds of yards from the shore.
A figure emerged to answer our salute, and the excited whisper ran through the ship, "It's a wumman!" The captain was on the bridge with his telescope. I had the binoculars in the bows. Every one was staring.