An heiress of a vast realm, married to kings and mother of three. Imprisoned at times and a power behind the throne, inciting revolts and discord, also putting the seed for a war that would last over a hundred years.
Eleonore d'Aquitaine was born in 1122 as the daughter of Guillaume, Duke of Aquitaine, one of the oldest duchies in present day France. With her father's death in 1137, she became the biggest heiress in the land, though her husbands would find her too hot to handle. 1/10
In 1137, the young Duchess would marry the French crown prince Louis, who would soon become King. Eleonore would accompany her husband to the Levant for the Crusades in 1147, where her uncle Raymond (Illegitimate half brother of her father) ruled in Antioch. 2/10
The Crusade ended in a disaster, adding to the rift between Louis and Eleonore, who eventually annulled their marriage in 1152. Louis had no male heirs from his marriage. Eleonore would marry again, in 1152, to the heir to the English throne, Henri d'Anjou. 3/10
Henri and Eleonor would have seven children, including four sons. The tussle between the Angevian and the Capets had just begun. With the addition of Aquitaine (and Brittany later), Henri and his sons ruled over a considerable part of France. 4/10
Eleanore set up her court in Poitiers in 1168. In 1173, Henri faced a rebellion by his sons and wife, backed by the French king, which would end in failure and with Eleonore in prison till 1189. The rebel leader and her eldest son, King Henry the Younger would die in 1183. 5/10
Eleanore would be freed by her son, Richard, who had become king in 1189 after his father's death. She would have considerable influence in the English court when Richard was "away" for the Crusades. 6/10
Richard's death in 1199 without a son led to an ambiguity in succession. Though his younger brother, John, would be crowned king with the help of his mother, his elder brother's son, Arthur, Duke of Brittany, had a better claim. The French king Philippe backed Arthur. 7/10
In the war that followed, Eleonore who would find herself besieged by her grandson in Mirebeau, but John would arrive and capture his nephew, imprisoning him and removing his future from history. But Normandy, Anjou and Maine would be lost. 8/10
In 1204, Eleonore d'Aquitaine would finally die. She had outlived most of her children except two, retaining the Duchy of Aquitaine and County of Poitiers she started out with. The rivalry between England and France would continue. 9/10
In 1337, the senior line of the French royal house would die out, with the cadet line House of Valois taking over the rule. Eleonore's descendants would claim they have the better right. A Hundred Years War followed, with England nearly conquering France briefly. 10/10
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Anti trust and spinoffs are instruments that get used when companies become too big. But what happens when countries become too big to rule. This is the story of one such spinoff and though the spinoff was a failure it would live on in another form.
Gaius Valerius Diocles was born in Dalmatia around 245. A career soldier, he was part of the inner circle of Emperor Carus who died in 283. Carus was succeeded by his sons Carinus and Numerian, but with Numerian's death in 284, the troops would proclaim Diocles as Emperor. 1/10
Having reached its greatest extent in 117, the Roman Empire enjoyed a period of stability till 180. After brief civil wars, Septimius Severus and the Severi dynasty would take the power in 193 and would maintain stability with varying success till 235. 2/10
A Republic with the explicit rule that no single person will have complete authority, started growing into an Empire when a statesman reformed its military creating a generation ready for war.
Caius Marius was not from Rome. He was born in Arpinum in 157 BC. It was only in 188 that people of Arpinum was given citizenship of Roman Republic. As a new Roman, he had set his sights for political office, but it was not an easy task. Jugurtha would give him that entry. 1/10
Numidia had been a Roman client state for nearly a century. But a civil war leading to the death of Roman traders forced the hand of the Republic. As the Roman effort did not yield a fast result, Marius campaigned to become Consul and lead the war, succeeding in both. 2/10
A young minor duke with no regnal lineage for over a century, who apparently set out to conquer the world by sitting in a chair, and almost succeeded, by weaving marital alliances across generations.
Friedrich von Habsburg was born in 1415 to Ernst von Habsburg, Duke of Inner Austria. The enlarged Duchy of Austria had been divided amongst the different Habsburg family members. The realm Friedrich and his brother Albrecht inherited included Styria, Carinthia and Carniola. 1/10
Coming from the younger line of Habsburgs, Friedrich was not in line for greater responsibilities. But life had other plans. The death of Emperor Sigmund in 1437 brought the German crown to the Habsburg family. His son-in-law Albrecht was the head of the Habsburg house. 2/10
An illegitimate son of a statesman, consolidating a kingdom on behalf of a puppet king, and coming to helm against a foreign invasion which was disposing off nations with an ease no one has ever matched in human history.
Karl was born to Pepin, the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, and his mistress Chalpais around 690. His father had married Plectrudis with whom he had two legitimate sons - Drogo and Grimoald. 1/10
Pepin was the most powerful Frankish noble of his time, eventually controlling the other Merovingian kingdoms; Neustria & Burgundy, as well. Kings had very little role in the affairs of state. Pepin would also associate his legitimate sons with his titles, leaving out Karl. 2/10
It is rare for Illegitimate children of monarchs to acquire their parent's heritage, but this princess was legitimized after her parents wed. As her dynasty failed, she would seize the throne and stabilize her nation that was teetering towards chaos.
Elisaveta Petrovna was born in 1709 to Tsar Peter and his mistress Ekaterina (Martha Skavronska). Their subsequent marriage in 1712 legitimized her and her elder sister Anna. When Tsar Peter died in 1725, it was his wife Ekaterina who would take the crown. 1/10
When her nephew died in 1730 bringing to close the Romanov dynasty in the masculine line, Princess Elisaveta was a potential ruler. But her illegitimate birth, relative youth and reluctance saw her cousin, Anna, become the Empress. 2/10
A European princess, who would have become queen had her kingdom's current succession law been in place, seizes the throne from her cousin and creates a regnal dynasty whose successors still rules the kingdom.
Princess Matilda was born in 1102 as the daughter of King Henry of England. Her grandfather, Guillaume de Normandie, had conquered England in 1066 and her father had seized the English throne after his elder brother had died. 1/10
In 1114, Matilda married the Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich. She would be known as Empress Matilda after that. But the death of the Emperor in 1125 without an heir meant the young princess was a widow and an Empress without a realm. 2/10