Hugh Everett's birthday! Pioneer of the Many-Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics. Let us celebrate by thinking about ontological extravagance. I will do so by way of analogy, because I have found that everyone loves analogies and nobody ever willfully misconstrues them.
We look at the night sky and see photons arriving to us, emitted by distant stars. Let's contrast two different theories about how stars emit photons.
One theory says, we know how stars shine, and our equations predict that they emit photons roughly uniformly in all directions. Call this the "Many-Photons Interpretation" (MPI).
But! Others object. That is *so many photons*. Most of which we don't observe, and can't observe, since they're moving away at the speed of light. It's too ontologically extravagant to posit a huge number of unobservable things!
So they suggest a "Photon Collapse Interpretation." According to this theory, the photons emitted toward us actually exist. But photons that would be emitted in directions we will never observe simply collapse into utter non-existence.
The Photon Collapse Interpretation posits far fewer photons, and doesn't strain our credulity by suggesting that we believe in a huge number of unobservable entities. Clearly it is vastly preferable on the basis of Occam's Razor.
Wait, say the Many-Photons proponents. That's not simple. Who cares how many photons there are, or whether we can see them? What matters is the simplicity of the underlying concepts, and whether or not the predictions fit the data. Who cares if you can't observe every photon?
And this whole "collapse" thing is completely ad hoc. Not to mention clunky, unnecessary, and ill-defined. You aren't actually concerned with simplicity or scientific integrity, you're just reluctant to accept things you can't see for yourself.
Nonsense, insist the collapsers. Science is about what we observe. Positing unobservable entities is extravagant, wasteful, and undermines the very nature of science and the Enlightenment project. Who knows to what kind of hideous relativism it will lead?
Most entertaining part of current mess are the folks saying *they’re* not crazy stolen-election conspiracy theorists, but shouldn’t we investigate the crazy claims seriously, because questions have been raised, right?
(Not entertaining at all, actually.)
Hopefully it will count against the credibility of such folks going forward. The naughty pleasure of being an edgy contrarian can be much more gratifying than common sense and clear-eyed evaluation of the evidence.
An infinite number of things could be true. Good judgment entails knowing which are worth taking seriously.
David is a prolific author, inventor, and TV presenter, as well as neuroscientist. His new book is Livewired: The Inside Story of the Ever-Changing Brain. indiebound.org/book/978030790…
* If either PA or FL are called for Biden, he'll win.
* If both PA and FL are called for Trump, he'll win.
* If they're both delayed, but Texas is called for Biden, he'll win.
Otherwise we're in for a long night/week/month.
These are far from certainties (T could win both PA and FL but Biden somehow wins both Georgia and North Carolina, for example), but I think a decent calibration of expectations.
Cornel West is of course the author of Race Matters among many other books, one of which is Democracy Matters. There he discusses the role of the Socratic, prophetic, and tragicomic traditions. indiebound.org/book/978014303…
Roger Penrose won the Nobel Prize for showing that black holes are an almost-unavoidable prediction of classical general relativity. Let's take a peek into what that entailed. 1/n
Einstein wrote down the equation for the dynamics of spacetime in 1915. It was complicated, and he was skeptical that it could be solved exactly. For his own investigation of e.g. the orbit of Mercury, he used approximation methods like any good physicist. 2/
But just a month later Karl Schwarzschild, taking time off between battles in the German army, found an exact solution under the assumption of perfect spherical symmetry. Tragically, Schwarzshild died of pemphigus a year later. 3/
I firmly believe that the best response to speech that one disagrees with is to offer better arguments in refutation, not to silence people. But an open letter like this one in Harper's is pretty unpersuasive, to the point of being anti-productive. (1/n) harpers.org/a-letter-on-ju…
In part that's due to the particular group of signatories. Several of them are people I enormously admire. But others have themselves been involved in attempts to silence people they disagree with. And none of them is exactly lacking ways to have their voices be heard. (2/n)
More importantly, the letter declines to engage with substance, instead straw-manning the incidents they object to. We are told, for example, that "professors are investigated for quoting works of literature in class." (3/n)