Colourful description of Istanbul's stunning cosmopolitanism at the turn of the century, documenting speakers of Turkish, Greek, Armenian, Kurdish, Arabic, Persian, Ladino, Lezgin, Albanian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Hungarian, Yiddish, Hindi, Swahili, Bilen, Nuer, etc
So close to, but not quite at the point of just saying..."Maybe race just...isn't a thing...?" Quite striking for the time though. (Source: Huxley Memorial Lecture from anthropologist Felix V. Luschan, 1911)
Luschan goes on to give a racist ethnography and phrenology of the Empire, but managed to capture some striking portraits of Ottoman citizens.
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A thread on the #TurkeyElections and a short history of democracy there, especially for non-Turkophiles:
1. Turkey has elections (often, and with extremely high, extremely enthusiastic turnout), but is not a democracy. This is quite new.
2. Experts disagree over when exactly this 'exit' occurred, but most agree that elections can no longer result in a change of power (on a national level; there are many cities & provinces administered by opposition parties). Elections are unfair, and if need be, partially rigged.
3. Starting in 1950, Turkey had regular, competitive elections. It was considered an illiberal "military-tutelage" democracy, with regular coups, and after the 1980 coup, a National Security Council (MGK) held monthly meetings essentially dictating government policy.
"'The claim to set up new States according to the limits of nationality is the most dangerous of all Utopian schemes,' the Austrian Foreign Ministry warned in 1853," - from the excellent The Balkans: A Short History, by Mark Mazower #EnSonNeOkudun
Love this colourful description of inter-group intolerance in the massively cosmopolitan Ottoman Empire, where most groups got along, but didn't necessarily like each other:
Having said that, the level or multiculturalism in Ottoman Constantinople never ceases to amaze: "for a time Slavic rivaled Turkish as a court language."