Berridge reviews the different ways that psychologists and neuroscientists have conceptualised motivation over the years.
He digs particularly deep into the distinction between the effects of 'wanting' vs 'liking'.
Power quote:
"Humans donβt necessarily require physical reward cues β vivid imagery about the reward may be enough to trigger [wanting]... Imagination lets humans manufacture our own vivid mental temptation-provoking cues."
Geek bonus:
For more on the distinction on the difference between 'wanting' and 'liking' and what it might mean for the classroom, check out this article by @mikehobbiss
Empirical findings around 'choice in classroom classroom' are equivocal and confusing. Katz & Assor review a range of evidence (through the lens of SDT) to identify when providing choice may be beneficial and when it may not.
Power quote:
"The present article has attempted to demonstrate that merely offering choice is not in itself motivating. In fact, in some cases it can even reduce motivation."
Lavecchia et al identify 4 decision-making barriers that can prevent some pupils from taking full advantage of educational opportunities.
They then review the recent and growing efforts to mitigate these barriers, from both a policy and empirical perspective.
Power quote:
"Children spend most - if not all - of their school years with less interest in the future than their future adult selves. The timing is unfortunate, given the many important long-term investments that can occur during this period."
Walton et al conduct 4 experiments to explore the influence of belonging on motivation. The experiments are conducted between people who are unfamiliar with each other and they test subsequent changes in a private setting.
Power quote:
"When peopleβs sense of social connectedness is threatened, their ability to self-regulate suffers; for instance their IQ performance drops. Feeling lonely predicts early death as much as major health risk behaviors like smoking."
Duckworth et al argue that willpower is over-rated, and review evidence around a range of strategies that may be more reliable in helping people to achieve their goals.
Power quote:
"Almost everyone struggles to act in their individual and collective best interests, particularly when doing so requires forgoing a more immediately enjoyable alternative."
Yeager et al explore why pupils aren't always motivated despite our best efforts, what we can do about it, and how such psychological interventions actually work.
Power quote:
"Psychology is subtle, and you can make many mistakes when trying to change it (believe us β weβve made them)."