We live in a world of complex systems that punish simple, linear thinking. The greatest minds consistently use second-order thinking to solve problems.
But what is "second-order thinking" and how does it work?
Here's Second-Order Thinking 101!
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1/ First, a few definitions.
First-order thinking focuses exclusively on solving an immediate problem, without regard for any potential consequences.
To paraphrase the words of the great @HowardMarksBook, it is "simplistic and superficial, and just about everyone can do it."
2/ Second-order thinking moves beyond the immediate problem and considers the multiple layers of implications and consequences of a given decision.
In short, it looks past the simple first-order effects of a decision and deeply examines the second, third, and Nth-order effects.
3/ But what does that really mean?
A simple analogy is of a rock being thrown into a lake.
The rock is your decision or action. It disturbs the calm and creates an impact.
The first impact (or splash) is the first-order effect. But it doesn't stop there, it spreads outwards.
4/ The chain of subsequent events (or ripples) are the second, third, and Nth-order effects.
When you make a decision or take action, it is critical to consider those ripples, not just the initial splash.
Failing to do so may lead to unintended consequences and new problems.
5/ Second-order thinking is a mental tool that forces you to consider the unconsidered.
It is a superpower that we all have within us - it just requires intentionality.
Let's look at a few examples of where this might come into play and how you can implement it in your life.
6/ In policymaking?
If you want an example of the dangers of first-order thinking, read my thread below on the Cobra Effect.
Problem: too many cobras.
Solution: offer a bounty for cobras.
Initial Outcome: fewer cobras.
Ultimate Outcome: more cobras!
10/ The second-order thinker takes time to examine beyond the positive first-order effects to evaluate the action in the context of all of the later effects.
To quote @ShaneAParrish, they diligently ask, "And then what?"
This idea changed my life (and may change yours)...
The Law of Reversed Effort:
In a Zen parable that I love, a martial arts student approaches his teacher and asks, "How long will it take me to master this craft?"
The teacher replies, "10 years."
The student, looking impatient, responds, "I want to master it faster than that. I will work harder than anyone else. I will push myself to practice for many hours every single day. How long will it take then?"
The teacher considers this new information and answers, "20 years."