I agree w/ @linseymarr that lower than 800 ppm is often needed, but we also need recognition that what is a "safe" CO2 concentration in on environment may not be safe at all in another, and vice-versa.
The actual max acceptable value depends on # of people present, typical time spent in environment, mask requirements, respiratory minute volume, and effectiveness of controls.
For 25 people spending 2 hrs in the same indoor space, a rough estimate based on a quanta generation rate similar to that in Restaurant X is CO2 < 695 ppm for an infection probability of < 5% w/o masks or controls. Assuming worst (no masks or controls) provides a safety factor.
For many restaurants it seems like 700 ppm(ish) is probably more appropriate than 800 ppm, but perhaps still too high for workers. For less people present, the situation is worse (greater rebreathed fraction contribution from an infector) for same CO2 concentration.
Designing for those who are present for much of the time (workers) with running time-averaged CO2 concentrations (which makes more sense than instantaneous) would bring an additional safety factor to customers.
Perhaps rebreathed fraction "audits" are needed for different establishments to determine color-coded tags that identify maximum acceptable CO2 concentrations (600, 700, 800, etc.) One size fits all is easy but not representative of what is safe in different indoor environments.
That is "one" and not "on". Sorry.
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We are a couple of weeks away from the anniversary of the first known COVID-19 death in the US. In February 2020 the US had approximately 20 total deaths. As we move into February 2021 we will be pushing 500,000 deaths w/ a trajectory aimed much higher.
We failed a year ago. Infections got too far ahead of us. Our response should now be an all-out war to starve this virus & its new variants of hosts, to do what we should have done 10-11 mos ago. We can lower the future death total before vaccines get us to where we need to be.
The ABSOLUTE MINIMUM that must be done to reduce inhalation dose in both the near- and far-fields is (1) UNIVERSAL mask wearing in ALL indoor environments other than one's own home in the presence of immediate family, and (2) physical distancing of AT LEAST six feet.
1/ Automobiles and Intake Fraction. Since cars are back in the news I thought I would retweet this model result I offered in early April 2020. I focused only on 1 micron particles & accounted for windows completely closed & cracked slightly open.
2/ Related air exchange rates were based on experimental results in literature for mid-sized sedans. Particle deposition to indoor surfaces were accounted for, as the surface to volume ratio in a 3 m3 cab is large. An important outcome was the intake fraction (IF)
3/ Here, IF is the number of particles (or virions in collective particles) inhaled by a receptor DIVIDED BY the number or particles (or virions in collective particles) emitted by an infector.
1/ Thank you, Dr. @lisa_iannattone, and right on! And as an environmental engineer I never learned about physiology, internal organ function, etc. The best scenario is when we all work and learn form one another. That's the way we take on big challenges effectively. 👇👇👇👇
2/ Many years ago I was a PI on an NSF IGERT grant that involved students across 6 colleges at UT Austin. They wrote a wonderful editorial about the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.11…
3/ The last paragraph in their editorial is particularly relevant.
Total US COVID-19 deaths = 385K (400K by end of weekend)
1 of every 855 Americans dead by COVID-19
1 of every 43,600 S. Koreans dead by COVID-19
End of Feb 2020
US deaths = 20
South Korean deaths = 17
By end of Feb 2021 US likely exceeds 500K
S. Korea may exceed 1,400
2/ Yes, the vaccine will ultimately help. But unless we work relentlessly to starve this virus of its hosts the case and death count will remain out of control until then. And the new variant means that we need to quadruple down on reducing inhalation dose.
3/ Inhaled dose (D) is important in BOTH the near (close) and far fields.
D = C x B x t x f
D = # virus-laden particles deposited (ultimately convert to vol), C = concentration in breathing zone (#/L), B = resp minute volume (L/min), t = time (min), f = fraction deposited.
US = 1 out of every 862 Americans dead by COVID-19
S. Korea = 1 out of every 46,000 dead by COVID-19
By end of Feb 2020 the US deaths by COVID-19 = 20
By end of Feb 2020 we will likely exceed 0.5 million
Despite an extraordinary time frame for an effective vaccine, things will continue to get worse until widespread vaccination occurs if Americans continue to fail to accept and relentlessly employ layered inhalation dose reduction. It's not rocket science, folks.
See my previous twitter threads as well as those of others. Explore here: safeairspaces.com. A blog on inhaled deposited dose and key factors here: corsiaq.com.
Particle settling: In case anyone wants to see a derivation of Stokes equation for particle settling - here is one of my old course notes. Note that aerosol particles achieve terminal settling velocity almost instantaneously, unlike someone jumping out of an airplane. more ...
This derivation assumes spherical particles & does not adjust for different shapes that affect drag force. It also does not adjust for particle "slip" as diameter approaches the mean free path of air molecules & drag is reduced as the no slip condition is violated. more ...
A 0.1 micron particle settles three times faster for this reason than is shown at the bottom off the page. A 1 micron particle settles about 17% faster. Slip correction becomes smaller and smaller for larger particles. More ....