A multi lingual heir with ancestries from many nations, a law that gave stability to a nation in times of uncertainty and a resurgence of an empire and a nation.
Václav was born in 1316 to King Jean de Luxembourg of Bohemia and Eliska. He grew up in the French royal court while his father ruled from Prague in Bohemia. His mother was from the last legitimate generation of the Přemyslid dynasty that had ruled Bohemia from beginning. 1/10
His stint in France gave Václav a new name - Karl, and a wife, Blanche de Valois, sister of the future French King Philippe VI. The influential Archbishop of Trier, Baudouin de Luxembourg, took interest in his great nephew's training. 2/10
Baudouin had helped in the election of his brother, Henri de Luxembourg, Count of Luxembourg and Prince Karl's grandfather, as King of Germany in 1308 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1312. But Henri's death in 1313 and his son Jean's youth led to the election of a new King. 3/10
Henri was the first Emperor to be crowned after 1220. After the "deposition" of Emperor Friedrich in 1245, many princes from across Europe had vied for the imperial title and the German crown. Prince Karl's father-in-law was one among them. 4/10
After stints in Luxembourg and Lombardy, Karl was made Margrave of Moravia, a subsidiary title in Bohemia. He gained a reputation as a good administrator, causing a rift with his father. But as his father lost his eyesight, Karl regained his prominence. 5/10
After Henri de Luxembourg's death in 1313, Ludwig von Bayern and Friedrich von Habsburg were elected as his successor by different sets of electors. Ludwig won the civil war that followed, but the papacy didn't get along with him. 6/10
In 1342, Pierre Roger, a former tutor of Prince Karl, was elected as Pope (Clement VI). In 1346, Karl was elected as German King with the backing of the Pope. But Ludwig didn't approve. However, Ludwig's death the next year prevented another civil war. 7/10
Jean de Luxembourg died in 1346 making Karl King of Bohemia. Though the Bavarian faction elected Günther von Schwarzburg as King, Karl would come out the victor. In 1355, Karl was crowned Emperor. The next year, he issued the Golden Bull. 8/10
The Golden Bull gave the initial form of constitution for the Holy Roman Empire. It also defined the electors who would elect the Emperor - Bohemia, Palatinate, Saxony, Brandenburg and the Archbishops of Mainz, Cologne and Trier. 9/10
For most of the next century, Karl's capital, Prague, would be the capital of the Empire, flourishing as a centre for arts and culture. But the Luxembourg dynasty would only last till 1437 and its possessions would fall into Habsburg hands. 10/10
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A rock, a civil war named after forgotten ancient rivalries and a strategy straight out of the Trojan war to create one of the richest countries in the world.
On 8th January 1297, a group of monks came to a castle build on a rock by the sea in Republic of Genoa. Once they were let in, they took out their swords, killed the guards and seized the castle. The "monks" were led by Francesco Grimaldi. 1/10
Francesco and his cousin Raniero had been exiled by the ruling Ghibelline faction of Genoa. They were part of the Guelph faction and their ancestors had ruled Genoa as Consuls. The War of Guelphs and Ghibellines had originated in a different country over a different cause. 2/10
Ludmilla was born around 860 to Slavibor ze Pšova. Around 874, she married Bořiwoj, Duke of Bohemia. Bohemia was a subordinate duchy of Moravia, ruled then by Svatopluk. His death in 894 led to the eventual collapse of the Moravia. 1/10
Bořiwoj and Ludmilla were baptized by the Byzantine Bishop Methodius. Bohemia and Moravia were stuck in between a grand power struggle between the Holy Roman Empire, the Byzantines and the Bulgars, which Svatopluk used to his advantage. 2/10
Willem Hendrik was born in 1650 posthumously to Willem II, Prince of Orange, and Princess Mary Henrietta, the daughter of the beheaded King Charles of England, Scotland & Ireland. His father was also the Stadtholder of 5 of the 7 provinces of Netherlands. 1/10
His father's unexpected death allowed Johan de Witt to gain power as the Grand Pensionary. The next two decades saw the Dutch advance as a commercial power, but the call for return of Willem increased after his uncle's restoration & a declaration of war by Louis of France. 2/10
Wilhelm von Nassau was born in 1533 to Wilhelm von Nassau, Count of Nassau Dillenburg and his wife Juliane. In 1544, his cousin, René, died leaving Wilhelm his estates in the Low Countries and the Principality of Orange. Holy Roman Emperor Karl became his regent. 1/10
Emperor Karl ruled 17 duchies, counties & lordships in the Low Countries. Karl took Wilhelm under his wing, giving the Lutheran Prince a Catholic training. Wilhelm progressed rapidly in the imperial court, playing a role in war and in peace against the Valois in 1550s. 2/10
Maria Theresia was born in 1717 to the Holy Roman Emperor Karl VI and his wife Elisabeth Christine. She, her younger sister and their cousin sisters were the last generation of the Habsburg dynasty that had ruled over many parts of the European and the American continents. 1/10
In 1713, Emperor Karl had issued the Pragmatic Sanction effectively disinheriting his elder brother's daughters over his future daughters, in case he failed to produce a male heir, which he didn't. This made Maria Theresia the heir to the Habsburg realms. 2/10
A princess, adopting a new nation and a new faith on marriage, seizing its throne and becoming one of the most formidable rulers that the nation and Europe ever saw.
Sophie Augusta Friederike was born in 1729 to Prince Christian August von Anhalt-Zerbst and Johann Elisabeth von Holstein-Gottorp. Her mother's brother, Adolf Friedrich, had become the King of Sweden in 1743 while a cousin had married the daughter of the Russian Tsar Peter. 1/10
This cousin had a son, Karl Peter Ulrich, who had been named as heir by his aunt, Empress Elisaveta, after she seized the Russian throne in 1741. The Empress would also arrange for the marriage of Karl with Sophie. They married in 1745 and converted to the Orthodox faith. 2/10