Two competing effects influence our northern winters:
#1 Global warming.
#2 Increasing polar air outbreaks due to stratospheric polar vortex disturbances.
In the long run #1 wins - our winters are getting warmer. 1/🧵
That's expected as #2 just happens occasionally, and polar air is also getting warmer.
Some people point to long-term warming trends to cast doubt on whether #2 is even real, but that is a non-sequitur. It just means #1 wins in the long run. 2/🧵
That disturbed stratospheric polar vortex states are linked to polar air outbreaks and thus cold extremes either in Eurasia or the US is shown by data analysis: nature.com/articles/s4161… 3/🧵
Objective cluster analysis of polar vortex states shows that cluster 4 is linked to cold in the US, cluster 5 to cold in Eurasia. 4/🧵
Do these clusters increase in prevalence? The reanalysis data shows they do over the period 1979-2018. And this can explain why Eurasian winters haven't warmed more: agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.10… But of course that could be just due to random variability. 5/🧵
On the other hand there are plausible mechanisms that link this increasing polar vortex instability to Arctic warming and sea ice loss. Causal effect network analysis (a data correlation method able to tease out causal links) suggests that: journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/… 6/🧵
Furthermore, analysis of 35 CMIP5 models shows that the sea ice loss effect, though weaker in the models than in the observational data, "can explain all of the projected ensemble-mean stratospheric polar vortex weakening": wcd.copernicus.org/articles/1/715… 7/🧵
To finish off, a fun fact: in 2014 right-wing US commentator Rush Limbaugh claimed the polar vortex was invented by the left... Against that speaks that it's already in the 1959 AMS Glossary of Meteorology.
1. Extreme rainfall increases as global temperatures rise.
There’s a basic law of physics behind that (Clausius Claperon Law, known since 1834, see Wikipedia).
And numerous analyses of weather station data prove it. See e.g. ours. nature.com/articles/s4161…
2. Global warming is caused by fossil fuel emissions. That is why it was predicted correctly before it was even observed. And even by scientists from fossil fuel companies like Exxon Mobil. But their bosses decided to tell you a different story.
A new study by van Westen et al. shows that the #tippingpoint of the Atlantic overturning circulation #AMOC is also found in a high-resolution ocean model which resolves ocean eddies. A first, but no surprise to AMOC experts. 🧵
To find the tipping point you need to do a very slow, long hysteresis model run. That is so computationally expensive that it hasn't been tried before. All models which have tried show this tipping point - we published a first intercomparison in 2005. 🧵 agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/20…
So all kind of models since Stommel's 1961 box model show it, due to the destabilising salt transport feedback. The new model also shows the well-known sea surface temperature fingerprint pattern of an #AMOC shutdown: the 'cold blob', and warming along the American coast. 🧵
Zur Erinnerung: Kernfusion ist /keine/ Klimalösung sondern klimaschädlich. (Nur falls jemand auf die Idee kommt, diese Träume von Merz mit Klimaschutzgeldern zu subventionieren.)
Kurzer Thread in 5 Bildern.
2024 war global das heißeste Jahr seit Beginn der Aufzeichnungen, mit 1,6 Grad über dem Temperaturniveau des späten 19. Jahrhunderts. Kleiner Thread mit Datengrafiken dazu. 🧵
In Deutschland war es ebenfalls das wärmste Jahr seit Beginn der Aufzeichnungen - allerdings schon 3,1 Grad wärmer. Weil Deutschland ein Landgebiet ist, erwärmt es sich doppelt so schnell wie der globale Mittelwert, der 71% Meeresfläche enthält. 🧵
Diese moderne Erderwärmung ist praktisch komplett vom Menschen verursacht. Natürliche Faktoren haben weniger als + oder - 0,1 °C beigetragen. Das ist eine Kernaussage des Weltklimarats IPCC. Eher - als +, weil die Sonnenaktivität etwas abgenommen hat. 🧵
Important new study shows that current climate models underestimate the human-caused slowing of the #AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation), because they neglect freshwater influx from Greenland melt and other sources. /1 nature.com/articles/s4156…
The study shows "that accounting for upper-end meltwater input in historical simulations significantly improves the data–model agreement on past changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, yielding a slowdown of 0.46 sverdrups per decade since 1950." /2
In our 2018 Nature article (Caesar et al.) we estimated ~3 Sv slowing since 1950, i.e. -0.4 Sv/decade, based on the observed 'cold blob' in the Atlantic west of Britain. /3
Latest NASA global temperature data.
Earth has never been hotter since Homo sapiens discovered agriculture in the early Holocene. Likely even since 120,000 years ago.
Fossil coal, oil and gas emissions caused it.
We need to stop making it worse.
Yes, we can if we want to. 🧵
Here is the last 2023 years of data for CO2 (from Antarctic ice core data) and global temperature (from numerous sources of proxy data from around the world, such as sediment and ice cores). Check it out: pastglobalchanges.org/science/wg/2k-…
And here's global temperature for the past 24,000 years - since the last Ice Age! Earth is now warming 20 times faster than at the end of the last Ice Age.
(Ice ages are caused by the Earth orbit's Milankovich cycles - modern warming is not.)
Source: nature.com/articles/s4158…