Florian Krammer Profile picture
Feb 27, 2021 15 tweets 3 min read Read on X
1) There are a lot of questions about how fully vaccinated individuals should behave. I don't have good solutions either, but I have some thoughts. First of all, we are seeing more and more data about how well vaccination works in a real live setting. There are recent studies...
2) ...from Israel (nejm.org/doi/full/10.10…; thelancet.com/journals/lance…) and Scotland (papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf…) showing high vaccine effectiveness in the population. That is just awesome and a reason to celebrate for all of us. On the other side you need to keep in mind....
3)...that vaccination, while highly effective, doesn't remove all risk. There are cases of symptomatic infection even after two vaccinations, keep that in mind. These cases might be mild, but they can occur. The protection you can expect from being vaccinated is driven....
4)....by many factors. How well the vaccine works in general is an important one. How well the vaccine works in an individual is another important one (not all people respond similarly to vaccination). Another important factor is how much virus is around. If virus circulation....
5)...in a given population is very high, your baseline chance of getting infected is very high. If that chance is cut down by 95% that's great. But there may still be a good chance that you catch the virus. If virus circulation is low, your baseline chance is also low. If you...
6)...cut that risk again by 95%, you end up with basically no risk at all. And the same applies to risky behavior. And that is one reason, why we need to still distance and mask up. However, at least in my book there are exceptions. And those exceptions have again to do with...
7)...how high your risk is. Interactions of people who are fully vaccinated with other people who are fully vaccinated (or immune due to previous infection) likely come with a very low risk for everybody involved. That's why I am not necessarily an opponent of e.g.....
8)....the green passport that Israel is using. There may be ethical concerns about that which have been discussed elsewhere, but I think it also is a strong incentive to get vaccinated. I know people have very strong opinions about this, and we need to be cautious, even...
9)....when vaccinated people interact. I think mass gatherings, even when vaccinated masked people are involved would currently be a bad idea. But e.g. two fully vaccinated elderly couples that have dinner together? A vaccinated HCW who is now....
10).....visiting vaccinated elderly parents in a 'normal' way? I am not sure if I would be opposed to that. I think we need to be cautious and need to stay vigilant about risk. But we should also allow people who have immunity to at least normalize some of their interactions...
11)....either other immune individuals. I don't think this should apply to any public rules and public guideline. For now, everybody should wear a mask in a professional setting, in public transport etc. But I think we should....
12)....start to get back to normal, in little steps, were risk is low, especially when it comes to interactions between immune individuals. Let's hope the variants don't throw us a curveball.
13) I know, this will start a heated discussion. But one worth having. Stay safe!
14) PS: Yes, its complex.
15) Update! The CDC guidelines for this are now out. And they say more or less the same as my tweets 😉
cdc.gov/coronavirus/20…

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More from @florian_krammer

Feb 25
1) I am reviewing some of the literature re antigenic distances between XBB.1.5 nd JN.1 and how well the XBB.1.5 vaccine works right now. I'll post random papers here. Just for nerds. (this is not a story, just a bunch of papers).
2) Interesting paper from Qatar re protection of infection from JN.1 reinfection. Take home message is probably that JN.1 is antigenically distant from XBB.1.5. medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
Image
3) Nice paper from the Netherlands (@dirkeggink) looking at XBB.1.5 vaccine effectiveness against XBB.1.5 and JN.1. Take home message: Vaccine works.
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
Image
Read 18 tweets
Aug 28, 2023
1) Our preprint describing 3 years of our PARIS study is live. There are a few interesting observations I wanted to highlight. This was the work of a large team but the lead is really @VivianaSimonLab medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
2) First, here is an overview of the spike titers of all the study time points. We had 501 individuals in the study and measure their anti-spike binding antibodies on a regular basis. Image
3) The first take home message is: Antibody decay after mRNA vaccination is biphasic. First a steep drop, then a stabilization phase. The graph here shows titers after the primary immunization series. Blue is previously naive individuals, orange is hybrid immune. Image
Read 17 tweets
Aug 12, 2023
1) I feel this paper by Mattias Forsell's group is often overlooked but shows something very important: Binding antibody to SARS-CoV-2 spike - in the absence of strong neutralizing antibodies to a new variant - predict protection from mortality. .thelancet.com/journals/lanep…
2) Individuals with the lowest antibody titer have the highest risk, individuals with higher titers are protected. Of course, we are not talking about protection from infection or protection from symptomatic disease by binding, non-neutralizing antibodies here, but protection.... Image
3) ...from severe outcomes. Why is this important? Neutralizing antibodies (which likely are the main protective factor when it comes to protection from infection or symptomatic disease) often drop steeply against new variants while binding antibodies are in most cases.....
Read 7 tweets
Aug 7, 2023
1) In a recent study with @gabagagan, Anass Abbad, Juan Manuel Carreño and @VivianaSimonLab we wanted to see how much crossreactivity exists in the post-COVID era to spikes beyond SARS-CoV-2. We expressed all the spikes shown in the tree below and got going. Image
2) We ran ELISAs with longitudinal samples from people who had received the primary vaccination series of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines including naive individuals (grey) and people who previously had SARS-CoV-2 infections (black). Image
3) Titers actually went up for all sarbecoviruses and even for most other betacoronaviruses (with the exception of nobecoviruses where there was no increase in reactivity for one of the two spikes tested).
Read 10 tweets
Mar 17, 2023
1) I just talked with students in class about similar situations in France and Spain in the last few years. Aedes mosquitos are present in the US and Europe and are a nice vector for dengue. Once the virus is established in local mosquito populations its hard to get rid off.
2) And climate change helps the mosquitos to move north, extending the potential range for viruses like dengue, chikungunya, Zika etc. This is also happening for some tick species, e.g. Hyalomma ticks in Europe which can carry Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus.
Read 5 tweets
Feb 9, 2023
1) What should be done about avian influenza. Very easy. Master seed viruses and vaccines specific to the panzootic H5N1 need to be produced (which is likely in progress for a some time already, the CDC is really good at this and BARDA has manufacturing contracts for it).
2) It needs to be assess if these viruses are sensitive to the three classes of drugs we have against influenza. To my knowledge that has been done, looking good. There is likely also significant immunity to the N1 because humans have been exposed to pH1N1 which...
3) ...is now the seasonal H1N1 strain and features and avian origin N1 (see 1968 H2N2/H3N2 cross-protection for literature). Then, physicians need to be informed about the possibility that an atypical influenza they detect is H5N1. They need to review the tests they are running..
Read 7 tweets

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