Thread by @MSS3RosaFerreum

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch One of the studies underlying your article (theguardian.com/news/datablog/…) states "[a] sizable minority of individuals arrested for domestic violence each year in the United States is female" (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…, p. 2).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch With physical aggression, "studies consistently find that as many women self-report perpetrating this behavior as do men; some studies find a higher prevalence of physical aggression committed by women" (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…, p. 2), but only a minority of women are arrested.

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch The article's claim that the average prison sentence for men who kill their female partners is 2–6 years and women who kill their partners is 15 years is based upon a 1989 National Coalition Against Domestic Violence study that I couldn't find. But the @TheJusticeDept disagrees.

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Notes @TheJusticeDept: "[w]ife defendants had a lower conviction rate than husband defendants…. Of the 222 wife defendants, 70% were convicted of killing their mate. By contrast, of the 318 husband defendants, 87% were convicted of spouse murder" (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p. 2).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "An estimated 156 wives and 275 husbands were convicted of killing their spouse. Convicted wives were less likely than convicted husbands to be sentenced to prison, and convicted wives received shorter prison sentences than their male counterparts" (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p 2).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Notes @TheJusticeDept: "[o]f the 100 wife defendants tried by either a judge or jury, 31% were acquitted. But of the 138 husband defendants tried, 6% were acquitted" (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p. 2).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Notes @TheJusticeDept: "[o]f the 59 wife defendants tried by a jury, 27% were acquitted. But of the estimated 91 husband defendants tried by a jury, none was acquitted." (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p. 2).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Without being able to read the 1989 study by the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, the source of data can't be evaluated, but the findings reported by others (including the article you cite, @TheMightyV24) are contradicted by the @TheJusticeDept, a primary source.

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept However, looking at more legitimate sources than that poorly cited journalism article we see even the spousal murder cases align with the general situation in that women get more lenient treatment by the criminal court system (as shown by Sonja B. Starr and others).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Consider Sonja B. Starr's "Estimating Gender Disparities in Federal Criminal Cases," University of Michigan Law and Economics Research Paper, No. 12-018 (August 29, 2012) (available at papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf…) showing that women get shorter sentences (if prosecuted at all).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "This study finds dramatic unexplained gender gaps in federal criminal cases. Conditional on arrest offense, criminal history, and other pre-charge observables, men receive 63% longer sentences on average than women do." Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "Prosecutors and/or judges seem to use their discretion to accommodate family circumstances in sub rosa ways—but not for male defendants." Research Paper 12-018, pp. 14–15.

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "Women are … significantly likelier to avoid charges and convictions, and twice as likely to avoid incarceration if convicted. " Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "Policymakers might simply be untroubled by [judicial] leniency toward women." Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept The data from the state courts (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…) shows a slight sentencing discrepancy between white and black defendants that is completely dwarfed by how much leniency women get (which is comparable to Law Professor Sonja B. Starr's federal data referenced hereinabove).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Consider also "Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts" by Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn published in 11 Berkeley J. Crim. L. 43 (2006) (available at criticathink.files.wordpress.com/2019/12/gender…).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn write "[t]he fact that we found a consistent pattern of preferential treatment of female offenders… suggests that federal court judges evaluate female offenders differently than male offenders…." 11 Berkeley J. Crim. L. 76 (2006).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Consider "The Role of Gender in a Structured Sentencing System: Equal Treatment, Policy Choices, and the Sentencing of Female Offenders under the United States Sentencing Guidelines" by Ilene H. Nagel and Barry L. Johnson published in 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 181 (1994–1995).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept I.H. Nagel & B.L. Johnson, The Role of Gender in a Structured Sentencing System: Equal Treatment, Policy Choices, and the Sentencing of Female Offenders under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 181 (1994–1995) (link: scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewconten…).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "[W]hen these [criminal justice] decision-makers [such as police, prosecutors, and judges] are free to exercise discretion, they systematically favor female offenders over similarly situated male offenders." 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 182 (1994–1995).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Ilene H. Nagel and Barry L. Johnson write "the federal sentencing guidelines have not eliminated the favorable treatment of female offenders[ and s]pecial treatment, not equal treatment, persists." 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 221 (1994–1995) (scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewconten…).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Consider "Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts" by Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn published in 11 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 43 (2006) (link: lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1120434…).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "[S]tudies have found that gender effects favoring female offenders over male offenders occur at a significantly higher rate than race effects favoring white offenders over black offenders." 11 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 46 (2006) (link: lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1120434…).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn "found a consistent pattern of preferential treatment of female offenders [and] …neither the offender's marital status nor childcare responsibilities affected any of the three indicators of sentence severity…." Id. at 76.

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn found "that federal court judges evaluate female offenders differently than male offenders, irrespective of their family situations or childcare responsibilities." 11 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 76 (2006) (link: lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1120434…).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Consider "Gender and Sentencing: A Meta-Analysis of Contemporary Research" by Stephanie Bontrager, Kelle Barrick, and Elizabeth Stupi published in 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 349 (2013) (link: xyonline.net/sites/xyonline…—courtesy of the site of Dr. Michael Flood's blog).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "[O]f the 143 unique statistical estimates of the gender and sentencing relationship, 65% indicated that female offenders are less likely than their male conterparts to come under the jurisdiction of state and federal penal systems." 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 364.

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept The "Chivalry… perspective[] aregue[s] that a variety of practical and extralegal factors weigh upon criminal justice decision-making, creating greater leniency for female than male offenders." 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 352–353 (2013).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "In contrast, Evil Women and Evil Women hybrid theories hold that women are singled out by the criminal justice system and incur stiffer sentences than men." 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 353 (2013).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "Overall, 65% of the estimates indicate that women have better sentencing outcomes than men, supporting the Chivalry hypothesis theory. Empirically-sound studies are more likely to support this hypothesis…." 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 366 (2013).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Consider "The Persistence of the Criminal Justice Gender Gap: Evidence from 200 Years of Judicial Decisions" dated October 23, 2017, by Anna Bindler and Randi Hjalmarsson (available at conference.iza.org/conference_fil…).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "[N]umerous studies today document a criminal justice system that treats females more leniently than males" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 2).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "Starr (2015) finds that male defendants in U.S. Federal Courts receive 63% longer sentences than females, even after conditioning on observable case characteristics" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 2).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "During our 200-year sample, there is a prevalent and explicit bias towards women as the weaker sex. We argue that this bias is seen in the courtroom (to the benefit of women)" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 28).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "This paper finds a criminal justice gender gap favoring females that (i) is seen at multiple stages of the justice system, ranging from pleas to conviction and sentencing, and (ii) persists throughout two centuries of trials…" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 27).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept "Females were less likely to be found guilty (9.4%–20.3%) and, conditional on guilt, less likely to receive the harshest punishment available at the time…" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 1).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept If the hypertext link doesn't work, the source cited is the September 1995, U.S. Department of Justice (@TheJusticeDept), Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics' Executive Summary: Spouse Murder Defendants in Large Urban Counties (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept If the hypertext link doesn't work, the source cited is the September 1995, U.S. Department of Justice (@TheJusticeDept), Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics' Executive Summary: Spouse Murder Defendants in Large Urban Counties (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept If the hypertext link doesn't work, the source cited is the September 1995, U.S. Department of Justice (@TheJusticeDept), Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics' Executive Summary: Spouse Murder Defendants in Large Urban Counties (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept If the hypertext link doesn't work, the source cited is the September 1995, U.S. Department of Justice (@TheJusticeDept), Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics' Executive Summary: Spouse Murder Defendants in Large Urban Counties (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…).

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Also available here:

ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-…

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Also available here:

ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-…

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Also available here:

ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-…

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Also available here:

ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-…

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept With respect to @TheJusticeDept hypertext links above, If the links don't work, the source cited is the September 1995 "Executive Summary: Spouse Murder Defendants in Large Urban Counties" by U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept Available here:

bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…

Also available here:

bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…

And also available here:

ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-…

@TheMightyV24 @adamgreeney @JohnDavisJDLLM @taywil64 @oscarandjeeves @SmussieJollett @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TheJusticeDept @threadreaderapp, please unroll.