98% of "race science" consists of nothing but this: 1) Trait X is heritable in individuals; 2) heritability means genes have "something to do" with the trait; 3) Groups differ on the trait; 4) Genes have "something to do" with the group difference. This is underdetermined BS. /1
The first law of BG offers an obvious reductio of the argument. All individual differences are heritable, groups differ on all sorts of things. So if all you want is a vague assertion that genes have "something to do" with all human differences, OK. /2
But that doesn't buy the race scientists anything, unless they want to own the assertion that genes have "something to do" with why people dance the Merengue more in the Dominican Republic than they do in Korea. /3
So some sort of *additional* evidence is required to make a meaningful assertion that a group difference is genetically caused. What kind of evidence? The best examples come from "ecotypes," like adaptations in people who live at high altitude. /4
And that evidence is more than hand waving about genes having "something to do" with lung capacity. It is meaningful biology showing causal paths from adaptation ==> genotype ==> physiology ==> behavior. /5
That is exactly what does NOT exist for any complex polygenic behavioral human trait that is actually at issue in this discussion. My message to the race scientists is: when you have that evidence get back to me, and in the meantime stfu. /end
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1/ Arguing with myself: I say that "race science" is meaningless because it assigns causal value to heritability coefficients whose causal implications are not understood and generally exaggerated.
2/ But by impugning the motives of the race scientists, aren't I shutting down the very research that might produce that knowledge? No. Let's say you believe that Group X carries a gene or some polygenic mechanism that makes them exceptionally good violin players.
3/ You want to do science to show you are right. How should you proceed? In fact you have a two-part hypothesis. The first is that there exists a genetic mechanism that reliably produces violin talent, one person at a time.
This study, by @mendel_random@timfrayling and others, shows that participation in various parts of the UK biobank depends in complex ways on genotype. You can imagine what I think-- the authors take a steadfastly optimistic tone- we can use this to control for bias! /1
Whereas I see it as the bubbles slowly rising to the surface as the GWAS-of-behavior project disappears under the surface of the gloomy prospect. But that isn't what I want to say here-- instead I want to be very old-fashioned. /2
One thing that GWAS has done has shown the limitations of automated, hypothesis-free research. I was trained in the "you need to have a theory" model, and I am very aware of all the trouble that caused. GWAS is the purest form of reaction against that tradition. /3
1. I am grateful for this reply because it makes clear what is at stake. The hereditarian hypothesis is that a portion of the disadvantage faced by Black people is not the result of discrimination, but instead of their own innate characteristics.
2. Apparently the upside of this hypothesis is that it allows White people to feel better about the current “destructive and divisive culture war.”
3. tbc, I am *not* saying that it can’t be true because I don’t like the consequences. I am saying that it is an ugly thing to speculate about in the absence of meaningful evidence, and there isn’t any.
Some thoughts on the Harpers letter. I support it in spirit: the world would be a better place if people could be more tolerant and open minded. But I think their argument is oversimplified to make the problem seem easier than it really is. /1
Cancellation is not new. Consider holocaust deniers. If the chairman of your history department announces that the Holocaust never happened, she is going to be canceled, and this was true long before Twitter. Why, exactly? /2
There are two reasons: 1) The Holocaust has already been sufficiently litigated and there is nothing useful to add, and 2) Insisting on re-litigating it is disrespectful and potentially harmful to people who died and people who survived. /3
In the course of my usual complaining about a GWAS-- never mind-- it occurred to me that the core of my problem is the lack of an appropriate null model. /1
Usually when one conducts a study, there is a possible null result that will lead you to say, "Oh well, it didn't work." In a well-functioning scientific world that result is still publishable. What would such a result look like for GWAS? /2
It seems for most investigators, that would be h2=0, no significant SNPs, no genetic correlations with anything. The problem is, THAT RESULT WILL NEVER HAPPEN /3
I can only say this so many times: *of course* IQ is heritable in the statistical sense. No one who knows me or my work could possibly think I need this explained to me. We said so in the first paragraph of our original piece. /1 goo.gl/SZpKhx @kph3f @ezraklein
But the general heritability of IQ has 0 implications for the causes of a particular group difference. I get it that saying, maybe the group difference is *partly* genetic seems like a moderate stance on a polarized topic, but that is an illusion. /2
Speculating in the absence of convincing theory or empirical evidence that a race is genetically inferior on a trait as important as IQ-- the partly is no help-- *is* the polarized view, the other pole being the belief that genetics has nothing whatever to do with behavior. /3