I love the EU (honestly!), but I also love the Internet. Through the NIS 2 Directive, the EU is attempting to regulate each and every root server operator (RSO), even those outside of the EU. Doing so will have bad consequences. 1/6
berthub.eu/articles/posts…
There are 12 RSOs. There are over 1300 active root servers. None of these RSOs are 'providers of essential services' individually. Up to 11 of them could fail, and nobody would notice. In 40 years, "the root" has never gone down. 2/6
By attempting to regulate the core of the Internet, the EU risks opening up a Pandora's box: many other governments would like to follow suit. The EU itself has advocated for the current multi-stakeholder "governance" model, in lieu of government action. 3/6
The NIS 2 directive contains laudable words on providers of essential services. But the net effect for the mostly non-profit providers of root server operations might be that they might cease to provide services to the EU: the regulatory burden & fines are too heavy. 4/6
In addition, the current NIS 2 proposal contains words on mandatory audits. This implies the EU intends to visit the US @DeptofDefense to see how well they are maintaining their root servers, and possibly levy fines. This seems unlikely. They have nukes over there. 5/6
In this article, you can find more details on what is being proposed, and also what you can do about it. Negotiations within the @EU_Commission and @Europarl_EN are still ongoing. It may be useful to remind everyone that the EU should not #RuinTheRoot! berthub.eu/articles/posts…
@EU_Commission @Europarl_EN As an addendum, please don't just read the article, it is also very helpful if you press the 'Tweet' button in there. It will lead to the following Tweet to go out (which will reach relevant people & their assistants). Thanks!

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More from @PowerDNS_Bert

24 Mar
BREAKING! Stanford scientists have analysed the Moderna and BioNTech vaccines to determine the mRNA code in there. This is the first time we are seeing the Moderna sequence. Get it here while it is still online: github.com/NAalytics/Asse…
To see what this means, do head over to this page: berthub.eu/articles/posts…
So how different is the mRNA in the Moderna, BioNTech/Pfizer & CureVac vaccines? There are 1274 codon positions. 808 are identical across all 3 vaccines. 103 are unique to Moderna, 249 unique to BioNTech, 230 to CureVac:
Read 4 tweets
30 Jan
Recently I learned something about DNA that blew my mind, and in this thread, I'll attempt to blow your mind as well. Behold: Chargaff's 2nd Parity Rule for DNA N-Grams.
If you are into cryptography or reverse engineering, you should love this.
Thread: Image
DNA consists of four different 'bases', A, C, G and T. These bases have specific meaning within our biology. Specifically, within the 'coding part' of a gene, a triplet of bases encodes for an amino acid Image
Most DNA is stored redundantly, in two connected strands. Wherever there is an A on one strand, you'll find a T on the other one. And similarly for C and G:

T G T C A G T
A C A G T C A

(note how the other strand is upside down - this matters!) Image
Read 12 tweets
31 Dec 20
New leader in the BioNTech vaccine RNA optimization challenge: @pkuhar! With some pretty Python code that can server as a great starting point for other entries: github.com/unrelatedlabs/…. Context: berthub.eu/articles/posts…
New leader @sanxiyn! 78.3% using codon frequency optimization.
Read 6 tweets
31 Dec 20
Reverse engineers! Cryptographers! I have a fun challenge & contest for you. The BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 vaccine contains copy-pasted RNA from the actual virus. The vaccine RNA encodes for (almost) the unmodified virus S protein. But, the RNA has been optimized somehow. But how? 1/
You can change RNA quite a lot without changing the protein that comes out. It is known that replacing RNA letters to G and C to the RNA enhances vaccine efficiency. And lo, the designers of the vaccine have done just that - GC content went from ~36% to ~57%: 2/
In the graph above, the red dots are vaccine changes that _lower_ the number of G and C though. And we don't know why they did that. In other places, it appears simpler rules have been used to optimize the RNA. The goal is now: can we reverse engineer the algorithm they used? 3/
Read 6 tweets
24 Dec 20
Preparing a blog post on the BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine & compared the live SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the one in the mRNA vaccine. And indeed as described, it only differs by two amino-acids. The two Proline substitutions that make the vaccine work (KV -> PP, with the !!): 1/3
If the vaccine would have contained the unmodified Spike protein, this would have "looked" different from the real one. The real one is mounted in the virus body, which gives it a certain shape. With these two changes, the vaccine protein "looks normal" to our immune system. 2/3
This proline substitution trick was discovered in *2017* based on studies on SARS-CoV-1 and MERS, two related viruses. These studies noted that this tiny change made the protein *50 times* more recognizable. Iow we'd be toast without this invention ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P… 3/3
Read 4 tweets
24 Dec 20
"S glycoprotein signal peptide (extended leader sequence), which guides translocation of the nascent polypeptide chain into the endoplasmic reticulum" - part of the BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine. I don't ever want to hear anyone question fundamental science again. 1/2
The level of control and understanding we now have over our biology came from literally millions of person-years spent working on things that at the time were obscure and "useless". And now? We can leverage all this into a 95% efficient vaccine _at the first try_. 2/2
Read 4 tweets

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