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Ryan Hisner Profile picture
@LongDesertTrain
May 26, 2021 • 7 tweets • 2 min read • Read on X
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1/7 Satan is trending on Twitter. I recall what Mark Twain said about him.
"I am quite sure that I have no race prejudices, and I think I have no color prejudices nor caste prejudices nor creed prejudices. Indeed, I know it..."
2/7 "I can stand any society. All that I care to know is that a man is a human being—that is enough for me; he can't be any worse."
3/7 "I have no special regard for Satan; but I can at least claim that I have no prejudice against him. It may even be that I lean a little his way, on account of his not having a fair show."
4/ "All religions issue bibles against him & say the most injurious things about him,but we never hear his side. We have none but the evidence for the prosecution, yet we have rendered the verdict. To my mind, this is irregular. It is un-English; it is un-American; it is French."
5/7 "We may not pay [Satan] reverence, for that would be indiscreet, but we can at least respect his talents."
6/7 "A person who has for untold centuries maintained the imposing position of spiritual head of four-fifths of the human race, and political head of the whole of it, must be granted the possession of executive abilities of the loftiest order."
7/7 "In [Satan's] large presence the other popes and politicians shrink to midges for the microscope. I would like to see him. I would rather see him and shake him by the tail than any other member of the European Concert."

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More from @LongDesertTrain

Ryan Hisner Profile picture
Jun 29
@suprion_verlag @dfocosi @yunlong_cao @RajlabN @BenjMurrell @SystemsVirology @SimonLoriereLab @EricTopol @TRyanGregory @tylernstarr @JPWeiland @siamosolocani @CorneliusRoemer The basic pattern has been that we occasionally see huge evolutionary jumps with no intermediate sequences (BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, BJ.1/XBB, BA.2.3.20, BA.2.86, & many others), which in reality evolved stepwise within a single, chronically infected individual.
@suprion_verlag @dfocosi @yunlong_cao @RajlabN @BenjMurrell @SystemsVirology @SimonLoriereLab @EricTopol @TRyanGregory @tylernstarr @JPWeiland @siamosolocani @CorneliusRoemer Then, after such a variant begins circulating, it begins to pick up mutations, primarily in the spike protein, which evade antibodies that are widespread in the population. The specific mutations vary somewhat with each new variant, but there's a lot of common ground as well...
@suprion_verlag @dfocosi @yunlong_cao @RajlabN @BenjMurrell @SystemsVirology @SimonLoriereLab @EricTopol @TRyanGregory @tylernstarr @JPWeiland @siamosolocani @CorneliusRoemer R346T, for example, has been acquired again and again. Various mutations at E484 and F486 have been common as well, and there are many others that could be mentioned. In some cases, these mutations seem to have arrived at a quasi-endpoint (for now)—∆Y144 or F486P, for example.
Read 5 tweets
Ryan Hisner Profile picture
Jun 18
. @BenjMurrell is doing the best variant growth modeling in the world, & his latest results confirm most of what we've thought: KP.3 is the fastest large variant, & its sublineage KP.3.1.1—w/the highly advantageous, glycan-creating S:∆S31—is easily the fastest in the world. 1/15
It can be a difficult to decipher the meaning of these graphs if you don't have an encyclopedic knowledge of the latest variants—which I think only @siamosolocani possesses—so I tried to add some context to Ben's graph, which I'll explain below. 2/15 Image
I divide key mutations into 4 categories, from most to least impactful, IMO.

#1. Q493E (KP.3 exclusive), F456L (~universal)
#2. T22N, ∆S31 (glycan-adding)
#3. R346T, T572I
#4. F59S/L, S60P, K182N, Q183H

Lowest row of boxes on the graph is group #1, above it #2, & so on. 3/15 Image
Read 16 tweets
Ryan Hisner Profile picture
May 8
KP.3 (w/the rare Q493E) has been my pick since I first noticed it emerging from numerous travel seqs from India. F456L & R346T are the typical stepwise immune-evasion mutations that, as @shay_fleishon noted, very likely impose a fitness cost. Q493E may be different. 1/
Q493E involves the rarest of all nucleotide mutations, C->G, and occurs at a key residue that we've seen very little action from of late. 493 mutations, however, are common in the Cryptics, usually Q493K I believe. (@SolidEvidence can correct me if I'm wrong on that). 2/8 Image
493 is also one of the few residues where mutations—on BA.1/BA.2 backgrounds—can confer large increases in ACE2 affinity—see @jbloom_lab data below. The 2-nuc Q493A & Q493V appeared in a handful of remarkable chronic-infection seqs, for example. 3/8 Image
Read 8 tweets
Ryan Hisner Profile picture
May 1
We have a new record for mutations in a non-molnupiravir sequence. It's a BA.2.12.1 with >100 private mutations. There are 4 seqs from early April, all from the same patient. I'll discuss four interesting features it has in this 🧵. 1/23 Image
#1) Reversions
Reversions are extremely rare. They almost never appear in circulating lineages. There are, however, a large number of reversions that are convergent in chronic-infection sequences. This one has more than usual. 2/23 Image
Let's start with my favorite.
• ORF1b:L314P (NSP12_L323P)
The extraordinarily rare yet hugely significant ORF1b:L314P reversion is an enigma. ORF1b:P314L was one of the very first SARS-CoV-2 mutations. It quickly dominated & has been universal ever since. 3/23
Read 23 tweets
Ryan Hisner Profile picture
Apr 19
What connects two regions on opposite ends of NSP12, a narrow slice of an obscure NSP3 region (DPUP/SUD-C), & a 3-AA sliver of nucleocapsid (N)? I have no idea, but I’m convinced there’s a link that could help reveal the inner workings of SARS-CoV-2. 1/120
Image
Image
I previously wrote a thread about the strange connection between ORF1a:4395-4398 and ORF1b:820-824 (NSP12_3-6 & NSP12_829-833). There is no known connection between these regions, & they are not close to each other in the NSP12 protein structure. 2/120
Mutations in both regions are rare, yet they arise in the same sequences again and again, at rates that cannot be coincidental. Furthermore, there have never been any circulating lineages with these paired mutations—they are a chronic-infection specialty. 3/120 Image
Read 124 tweets
Ryan Hisner Profile picture
Apr 13
Always nice to run across a possible function of a rare mutation that's shown up in multiple chronic-infection SARS-CoV-2 seqs. Thanks to an excellent paper by @TheMenacheryLab & @J_Paul_Taylor, I think I now know why N:L13P (a reversion) shows up. 1/6
They proved that the N:1-25 region, esp. the ITFG AA motif from N:15-18, is the essential element in N's ability to suppress the formation of stress granules (SGs) in cells, which capture & disable long viral RNAs & help organizing innate antiviral immune responses. 2/6
Image
Image
All variants retain the ability to suppress SGs, but Omicron's N:P13L weakens N's binding to G3BP1/2—the master cellular regulators of SGs—by about 2.3-fold. That's pretty slight, & almost certainly not enough selection pressure to result in reversions in circulation... 3/6 Image
Read 7 tweets

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