We studied online misinformation in India during the second wave of the COVID crisis. We find a dramatic rise of 'utilitarian' misinformation, purporting to 'deal with' the issue, compared with blame-oriented misinformation, purporting to find 'those at fault' in 2020.
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A rise in misinformation about traditional cures, anti-vaccine propaganda, plasma, and oxygen. Such stories corner concerns about technology-enabled surveillance, vaccine-related uncertainty, institutional failure. Interestingly, influencers play big role in spread
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We see themes of anti-vaccine misinformation from elsewhere in the world repeated here. While @BillGates is frequently target of such misinformation on a/c of his foundation's work, now misinfo about microchips from Microsoft injected into vaccines are now doing rounds.
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Plasma-related misinformation is a major problem. Since several major influencers have amplified the topic, misinformation is both hidden in 'whatsapp forwards' but also woven into calls for help on Twitter.
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Hospital, Oxygen, Plasma-related misinformation has been popular, in part because it crafted in a way to offer average citizens a means to feel they were 'playing their part', either through donating (plasma or cash) or by proxy, by forwarding messages
We find systematic tweeting, involving several key leaders. Fun find, while @sambitswaraj was center of controversy, his wasn't the firestarter
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On May 18, tweeting #CongressToolkit started systematically before dawn. In first 10 hrs 65 tweets from BJP leaders w/ over 500k followers had circulated, over 1000 influencers w/over 5k followers had amplified the message.
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Twitter handles with 15k or more followers were key to amplifying the message, this is a tactic seen across other online campaigns. Several of these handles are extremely influential.
We traced the social media following of Indian politicians between December 2020 and March 2021 to see who gained and lost followers and engagement. Lots happened - farm protests, violence, elections.
To check the robustness of our data, we tested who were the accounts that lost the most followers or stagnated, these include Ananth Kumar, Arun Jaitley, Pranab Mukherjee, Ahmed Patel, Ram Vilas Paswan, Manohar Parrikar – all of whom have died recently.
Paper on the history of disability in Indian cinema from Jeevan Naiya (1936) to Guzaarish (2010) shows role of mythology in how films have portrayed disabled characters on screen. key themes: Disability is (a) punishment (b) curable (c) asexual (d) social maladjustment
thread:
Disability as Punitive: Pran blinded in Aadmi (1968), MR Radha disfigured in Ratha Kaneer (1954). This idea derives from a mythological notion of punishment through disability, eg Amba/Ambalika's children in Mahabharata, Samba cursed with leprosy in Samba Purana
Disability as curable: Films with cured blindness, disabled walking after inspirational songs etc. (Basant 1942, Kannan en Kadhalan 1968) Mythological characters cured of disablement after penance/knowledge eg Samba, sage Ashtavakra.
Misinformation about curing COVID-19 has declined as more people have been made aware there is no cure.
So while fact-based misinformation appears to be declining, misinformation that tries to create emotional affect - cultural issues, police brutality etc. have increased.
In particular, since the Tablighi Jamaat case surfaced, the misinformation has turned significantly against Muslims as we see in this figure comparing wordclouds of tags to misinformation in three 10-day periods since mid-March.
Superimposing false text under formal-looking/legitimate sources
Data w/o traceable citation
Use of Corona-unconnected people with East Asian features
Use of details – temperatures, public figures
Use of “Breaking News”