Charming illustration of the Alsatian city of Colmar in the 15th century, with a population of maybe maybe 4000 on 0.4km². To walk from the south gate to the north would have taken about 10 minutes, but to the Western gate it might have taken 14 minutes. Perfectly human scaled. 
At the time, Colmar was run partly by its twenty professional guilds, whose members counted about half of the population, the other half were farmers and gardeners. It had seven monasteries, three churches, free hospitals, free lodging for the poor, travelers and foreigners.
Contagious diseases were treated in a specially built leper-house outside the city walls. Schooling for young boys and girls was provided by the monasteries, churches, the synagogue or one of many beguinages (lay convents for women active in trades etc.). Several public baths.
The original city wall (5-7m tall) was built in 1219 and had three gates. It was later expanded twice, with twenty-five towers, water gates and deep moats that doubled as canals and routes for water transport. Mostly torn down in the 17th century, today almost nothing remains.
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