I was recently featured in a @simonahac “gotcha tweet” regarding the lifespan of renewable energy projects. There are some major problems with @simonahac's reasoning which I will go into below. I’ll avoid the mudslinging and name calling and stick to the facts. Thread
2.) TL:DR The renewables industry themselves and independent organizations claim an average lifespan of wind of 20 years and of solar panels of 25-30 years. I will argue below that the solar numbers are likely exaggerated. twi-global.com/technical-know… greenbiz.com/article/what-w…
3.) @simonahac's overheated rhetoric overshadows two troubling flaws in his argument. 1.) He cherry picks examples of long lived installations instead of examining sources with a larger more representative sample 2.) He relies on manufacturer warranties as evidence.
5.) kWh Analytics’ most recent figures place the median annual degradation for residential solar systems as 1.09% and non-residential systems at 0.8%. The report states that over a 20-year asset life, project degradation could therefore be underestimated by as much as 14%.
6.) In addition solar panels are manufactured in millions. A lack of quality control in many factories means a significant number of cheap panels will retire prematurely. An Australian study shows that ~20% of rooftop solar installations are deficient. smh.com.au/politics/feder…
7.) “Of 4140 small-scale solar systems, mostly rooftop units, inspected last year, 822 were “substandard”, meaning they did not meet Australian requirements and may prematurely fail. This equates to almost 20 per cent, compared to 22 per cent the previous year.”
8.) In another example of cherry picking, @simonahac refers to his own solar panels which have a warranty of 40 years. However “In Sydney, the worst-performing 25% of systems had electricity yields at least 16 per cent lower than the best-performing 25% of systems.
9.) Only a tiny proportion of solar households monitor performance according to Solar Analytics chief executive Stefan Jarnason. Analysis of data from over 6000 photovoltaic sites that are not actively monitored found 11% were likely to be generating <1/2 their expected output.”
@simonahac's description of nuclear longevity glosses over the fact that many reactors have been prematurely retired for political reasons ranging from anti-nuclear activism, the deregulation of electricity markets or unequal subsidies which disadvantage the nuclear sector
11.) If the playing field were leveled & generous subsidies were removed & the costs of grid integration such as transmission, grid upgrades & firming of intermittency were added to the W&S ledger you would be sure that many installations would be retiring prematurely. @pwrhungry
12.) Gentilly 1 was a prototype BWR CANDU. Many of the reactors that @shac lists to arrive at his nuclear lifespan estimates were part of a FOAK exploration of the technology to arrive at successful designs which have proven to be very long lived indeed.
13.) Simon’s line of reasoning which lumps in FOAK and prototype nuclear in an overall discussion of nuclear longevity would be analogous to including the world's first PV panels created in 1883 by New York inventor Charles Fritts in an analysis of PV longevity.
14.) In Ontario CANDUs are being refurbished to achieve lifespans of 60-80 years with the possibility of further 30-40 year life extension refurbishments thereafter.
15.) We made the poor choice to invest 10’s of billions in wind and solar which have done very little to reduce emissions rather than refurbishing Pickering which will be replaced by gas worsening air quality and climate change.
16.) In the words of William Blake “Opposition is true friendship.” In the past @simonahac has corrected several misconceptions I held and for that I am grateful. However this attempt at a “gotcha” was poorly argued and contributed very little to the debate.
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Nuclear Fuel Is The Swiss Watch of Energy and The Most Sophisticated Industrial Product You've Never Heard About.
Buckle up for a mega-🧵
There is a peculiarity at the heart of nuclear energy that rarely gets the attention it deserves. Every other thermal power plant in history destroys its fuel.
Coal goes in as a black rock and comes out as CO2, water vapor, and ash. Natural gas barely leaves a trace at all, just heat and gaseous combustion products dispersed into the atmosphere.
The fuel is gone, irreversibly transformed, its chemical identity obliterated in the furnace.
Nuclear fuel does almost none of that. The fuel elements that go into a reactor and the fuel elements that come out are, to a first approximation, the same material in the same geometry, sitting in the same place.
A spent fuel assembly pulled from a reactor after six years of operation looks nearly identical to the fresh one that went in.
The mass has changed by a tiny fraction of a percent, nuclear alchemy has occurred in which half the periodic table has been generated in the form of fission products within the ceramic pellets but the volume and geometry is essentially identical.
This one fact, that nuclear fuel must be preserved rather than destroyed, that the job of every layer of every system surrounding the core is to maintain the integrity of a material through years of radiation bombardment and extreme temperature gradients, shapes much of nuclear engineering.
It explains the cladding materials, the obsessive quality control in fabrication facilities, and the decades of slow, painstaking improvement that have transformed a fleet that routinely operated with failed fuel elements into one where a single leaker triggers a formal investigation.
I spent a long conversation with Michael Seely, the @AtomicBlenderYT, a nuclear enginner with a focus on fuel, going through what nuclear fuel actually is, how it is made, why it fails, and how the industry learned to prevent those failures.
What follows is my attempt to synthesize that conversation into something useful for anyone who wants to understand nuclear from the inside out.
What the Fuel Actually Is
The commercial nuclear fuel cycle, in its conventional form, converges on a single material: uranium dioxide, or UO2.
Regardless of reactor type, whether you are talking about a pressurized water reactor in France, a boiling water reactor in Japan, or a CANDU in Ontario, the fuel pellet sitting at the centre of the fuel rod is almost certainly a dense ceramic cylinder of uranium dioxide roughly the size of a fingertip.
UO2 ended up in this position for reasons that are easier to appreciate once you understand what you are asking a fuel material to do.
You need something that can withstand centerline temperatures of 1,200-1,600 degrees Celsius under normal operating conditions, while the coolant immediately outside the cladding sits at around 300 degrees, a gradient of nearly a thousand degrees across a pellet roughly a centimetre in diameter.
You need something that will not chemically react with zirconium cladding or the pressurized water flowing over it.
You need something that will trap the fission products, the gases and solids generated as uranium atoms split, inside its crystalline matrix rather than releasing them into the coolant.
And you need something that can be manufactured reliably, in quantity, at a cost that keeps nuclear electricity commercially competitive. In fact the key differentiator between nuclear and fossil power generation is that despite its complexity nuclear fuel remains a relatively very small contributor to operating expenses.
Uranium dioxide satisfies all of these requirements tolerably well, which is distinct from satisfying any of them perfectly.
It is a ceramic, which means it has an extremely high melting point, around 2,800 degrees Celsius, providing enormous safety margin even under severe accident conditions.
Its crystalline grain structure traps fission products reasonably effectively: the krypton, xenon, and iodine gasses generated by fission mostly stay embedded in the UO2 matrix rather than migrating into the gap between pellet and cladding.
And the manufacturing process, while technically demanding, has been refined over seven decades into something industrial routine.
1/ Energy, industry, and sovereignty are inseparable. If Europe wants to be a truly independent pole in an emerging multipolar world, it must reindustrialize—not deindustrialize. That starts with reversing nuclear phaseouts. 🧵
2/ Germany, the industrial powerhouse of the EU, built its economic might on two things:
⚡ Cheap nuclear power
🔥 Cheap Russian gas
Now that Russian gas is gone, nuclear must return.
3/ Instead of securing its own energy future, Germany is swapping one dependency for another—replacing Russian gas with expensive American LNG.
Why is China electrifying its economy at such dizzying speeds?
3 words
Straits of Malacca.
While the US leans into its hydrocarbon advantage, China is decoupling from severe oil dependence & geographical vulnerability. a 🧵based on @DecoupleMedia w @pretentiouswhat
When Western climate analysts look toward China, in some sense they see the future, where fantasies of large-scale renewables deployment and EV adoption are playing out.
But far more than climate considerations, the geopolitics of oil dependence are shaping China's energy future. With 80% of its oil imports flowing through the narrow Strait of Malacca, China faces an existential vulnerability.
This maritime chokepoint, flanked by Indonesia and Malaysia, could easily be blockaded in a conflict. The ring of U.S.-aligned nations and military bases encircling China's eastern seaboard only heightens these anxieties.
Major crude oil trade flows in the South China Sea (2011), illustrating the importance of the Strait of Malacca and the vulnerability it creates. Source: US Energy Information Agency.
Tritiated water behaves just like H2O and is excreted from the body quickly with a biological half life of 3.5 days. For this reason it doesn’t bioaccumulate up the food chain and diffuses and dilutes rapidly in lakes and oceans.
It may come as a shock to some journalists but the natural world, including our lakes and oceans, are naturally radioactive thanks to cosmic rays and the decay of naturally occurring radionuclides like Potassium 40.
Its all doom and gloom for Nuclear in @BentFlyvbjerg's new book "How Big Things Get Done"
But did he miss some nuance when conflating the Korean/UAE collaboration which will have delivered four 1400MW reactors in 12 yrs with the unfolding fiasco of Vogtle 1/
In the book @BentFlyvbjerg and @dgardner contrast the Guggenheim museum and the Sydney Opera house to draw important lessons from two very cutting edge buildings. 2/
The Guggenheim is the product of meticulous iterative planning by a mature dreamteam of architects & engineers who routinely pull off complex projects on budget/on time, the Opera House a couple of sketches by an inexperienced architect which balooned into a budgetary fiasco 3/
Unshielded & fresh out of the reactor exposure for seconds would result in certain death.
But somehow there has not been a single documented death from storing civilian nuclear waste. Ever.
Here's what you need to know: a 🧵
We make dangerous things, like nuclear waste, safe.
Consider civil aviation.
In 2019, 4.5 billion passengers took 42 million flights worldwide flying 900km/hr at 30,000 feet in thin skinned, pressurized aircraft often over vast oceans.
There were only 289 fatalities.
The truth is that it's a lot easier to handle and store nuclear waste than to meticulously maintain an airliner which has over 10,000 mission critical moving parts.