Should everybody learn to speak English? Yes: 1. Network effects of a common language are stronger than ever in History 2. It's the 1st time these are global 3. English is the most spoken / written language & the fastest growing
Only one thing can prevent this
Thread 🧵
1k years ago, ppl mostly spoke with those around them. Little need for a lingua franca. In Europe, Latin was enough, learned by the Church and the elites.
After the printing press, suddenly you can learn & communicate w/ ppl far away. Incentive to understand each other ➡️ languages appear around the dialects most published. In Europe you go from a gradient of languages to German, English, French, Spanish...
That lasts until the 20th C, when you still have a few state-sponsored gatekeepers (TV, media) that produce most of the language that ppl consume outside of their geographic immediate vicinity.
But that changes w/ Internet
Suddenly everybody can read stuff written by anybody else. If you don't understand each other, you miss out on the vast majority of the potential info you can consume.
You miss out on billions of ppl you can exchange ideas with
The value of one single lingua franca becomes huge
Now that the benefit of one single language becomes overwhelming, the question becomes: which one? As Ulrich Ammon says (edited):
"There is virtually no indicator for the global rank of a language which does not place English at the top"
GDP
Speakers (including 2nd language)
High growth in native speakers
High growth of learners
Most countries in which it's official
High proficiency in many countries where it's not the main official language
There are other languages with more native speakers
But the potential of the main alternatives (Hindi, Mandarin) is low, because only natives speak them, and the # of natives is going to peak soon
So English will become the language that we all speak.
Unless the Klingon discover us and we realize the entire galaxy speaks Klingon, in which we should all learn Klingon.
Or unless... the network effects break.
They can.
With interoperability.
This is how the network effects can be broken: when you don't need to join the network to get its benefits.
That's how phone monopolies were broken.
It's how you can break the monopoly of English. How?
Make ppl understand each other without the need to learn English
Google Translate already does an amazing job.
Even in live, spoken language
With good enough tech, ppl will be able to understand each other without learning each other's language.
So now it's race between mankind's learning English and translation tech to get good enough. Who will win? 🤷♂️
But knowing all this has consequences for tech workers, politicians, professionals, investors, English speakers, and everybody else. What are these takeaways? I expand on all of this and detail the takeaways in this week's article.
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Why did 🇮🇱Israel strike 🇮🇷Iran now, and not months or years ago or in the future?
A unique combination of a dozen factors converged to make the moment unique for 🇮🇱Israel: 🧵 1. No Hamas to its southwest 2. No Hezbollah to its north 3. No Assad threat to the northeast
4...
4. No more Syrian army to attack 🇮🇱Israel's planes: As the new forces of HTS took over Syria, Israel bombed all the existing Syrian military. No more fighter jets or surface-to-air missiles to threaten 🇮🇱Israel
5. Ability to fly over Syria to refuel
This is critical, because 🇮🇷Iran is ~600-1000 miles away from 🇮🇱Israel, so 1200-2000 miles round trip
The range of Israel’s stealth F35 is only about 1,350 mi
To operate inside 🇮🇷Iran, 🇮🇱Israel needed refueling over Syria
1. From Feb 2025 to Jun 2025, it increased its amount of enriched uranium by 50% 2. It now had 400kg of highly enriched uranium, enough for 9-10 bombs 3. This is 60% enriched uranium. Fuel only requires 5% enrichment.
4... 🧵
4. It's easy to go from 60% to 90% (weapons grade), it only takes weeks 5. The only country on Earth with such enriched uranium and without a bomb is 🇮🇷Iran 6. The IAEA (nuclear watchdog) found 3 secret nuclear sites
7. When 🇮🇷Iran didn't respond to this accusation, the IAEA censured it 8. 🇮🇷Iran responded to the censoring by saying it would open a 3rd enrichment site in a secret spot
Now that the 🇺🇸US has bombed 3 of 🇮🇷Iran's nuclear sites, where will the war go from here?
It depends on 🇮🇱Israel: 🧵
🇮🇷Iran never wanted the war, and its forces are being decimated. Its ability to send missiles to 🇮🇱Israel is being degraded every day. If it could sign a ceasefire while saving face, it would
Meanwhile, 🇮🇱Israel has kept striking Iran non stop. Its daily airstrikes didn't go down substantially in the first few days. Its ability to keep striking 🇮🇷Iran remains unabated
Can there be an invasion of Iran? Hardly. Two maps explain why, and also why Iran is the way it is today, whether its regime will fall, what other superpowers will do, and in general why Iran is the way it is today
The only truly exposed area is the southwestern corner of Khuzestan, which is a swamp
The biggest superpowers lie to the west, and there the very broad Zagros make it really hard to conquer Iran. The mountain range is tall and wide, making logistics similar to Afghanistan. Very hard.
Iraq learned it the hard way when it tried to attack there in 1980
Listening to the debate, it looks like 🇮🇱Israel & the 🇺🇸US intelligence community disagreed, but that's not really the case!
Both thought Iran was weeks to months away from being able to develop the bomb
So what's the disagreement?
Here are more facts:
• Tehran had just announced a 3rd enrichment site in an undisclosed place
• The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) had recently produced a report censoring Iran for the 1st time in 20y
• It accused Iran of 3 undisclosed nuclear sites
• It claimed Iran had enough enriched uranium for 9-10 nuclear bombs
• All the other countries in the world who have enriched uranium at the same level also have nuclear weapons. Iran is the only country that doesn't have these weapons yet enriches uranium as much
Nuclear is the best source of energy across nearly all the factors that matter. It's the safest, cleanest, densest, most sustainable, geopolitically stable, predictable, dispatchable, and can be cheap.
1. SAFEST
It kills 1000x less than coal
Living close to a nuclear power plant for one year gives you less radiation than eating a banana (graph is logarithmic)
2. CLEANEST
Accounting for all the lifecycle of all energies, it's the one that emits the least CO2