Tomas Pueyo Profile picture
Jul 9, 2021 19 tweets 5 min read Read on X
Should everybody learn to speak English? Yes:
1. Network effects of a common language are stronger than ever in History
2. It's the 1st time these are global
3. English is the most spoken / written language & the fastest growing

Only one thing can prevent this

Thread 🧵
1k years ago, ppl mostly spoke with those around them. Little need for a lingua franca. In Europe, Latin was enough, learned by the Church and the elites.
After the printing press, suddenly you can learn & communicate w/ ppl far away. Incentive to understand each other ➡️ languages appear around the dialects most published. In Europe you go from a gradient of languages to German, English, French, Spanish...
That lasts until the 20th C, when you still have a few state-sponsored gatekeepers (TV, media) that produce most of the language that ppl consume outside of their geographic immediate vicinity.

But that changes w/ Internet
Suddenly everybody can read stuff written by anybody else. If you don't understand each other, you miss out on the vast majority of the potential info you can consume.

You miss out on billions of ppl you can exchange ideas with

The value of one single lingua franca becomes huge
Now that the benefit of one single language becomes overwhelming, the question becomes: which one? As Ulrich Ammon says (edited):
"There is virtually no indicator for the global rank of a language which does not place English at the top"

GDP
Speakers (including 2nd language)
High growth in native speakers
High growth of learners
Most countries in which it's official
High proficiency in many countries where it's not the main official language
There are other languages with more native speakers
But the potential of the main alternatives (Hindi, Mandarin) is low, because only natives speak them, and the # of natives is going to peak soon
So English will become the language that we all speak.
Unless the Klingon discover us and we realize the entire galaxy speaks Klingon, in which we should all learn Klingon.

Or unless... the network effects break.
They can.
With interoperability.
This is how the network effects can be broken: when you don't need to join the network to get its benefits.
That's how phone monopolies were broken.
It's how you can break the monopoly of English. How?

Make ppl understand each other without the need to learn English
Google Translate already does an amazing job.
Even in live, spoken language
With good enough tech, ppl will be able to understand each other without learning each other's language.

So now it's race between mankind's learning English and translation tech to get good enough. Who will win? 🤷‍♂️
But knowing all this has consequences for tech workers, politicians, professionals, investors, English speakers, and everybody else. What are these takeaways? I expand on all of this and detail the takeaways in this week's article.
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More from @tomaspueyo

Sep 8
Never bet against the US:
Ppl think its biggest strength is its institutions, the dollar, entrepreneurship... But one of its biggest assets is its geography 🧵
1. Size
The US is the 4th largest country. It spans an entire continent, reaches two oceans, and is big enough to be a geographic heavyweight in the world Image
2. The Mississippi Basin
It's the 4th largest drainage basin in the world and occupies 40% of the contiguous 48 US states, touching 32 of the US’s 50 states. 11 US states directly take their name from it. Image
Read 17 tweets
Sep 4
Climate caused the US Civil War, because:
1. Slavery was the main cause of the war
2. Different crops were the main cause of slavery
3. Climate caused different crops in the North vs South

This is terribly important to understand the US today and how to heal it
🧵
1. Slavery was the main cause of the war: the Abolitionist North & the Slavery South were competing to expand westward to increase their political influence

But the North grew & expanded faster, to a point where it could force abolition on the South, which then seceded
In 1790, the Free & Slave states had the same population, and there were many more Slave States (8 vs 5), so Slave States controlled the Senate.

By the eve of the war in 1860, the North had 50% more population and 4 more states, giving them control of both the House & Senate Image
Read 18 tweets
Aug 14
Moscow is one of the weirdest capitals:
• Biggest European city
• Extremely cold
• Little farmland
• To Russia's extreme west
• Not on a coast or main river

How did it create the biggest country on Earth?

It involves horse archers, human harvesting & tiny animals 🧵
The first shocking fact is that Russia is so far north it's at the edge of arable land. How can you create a capital with so little food? Why not in the middle of the most fertile area on Earth? Image
This far north is extremely cold
Moscow is the 3rd coldest capital in the world and by far the biggest: with 20M ppl, its metro population is 8x bigger than the 2nd biggest cold capital, Stockholm!Image
Read 20 tweets
Jul 28
This map tells you how a seemingly innocent difference, like wheat vs rice eating, can have dramatic political, economic, and cultural ramifications:
🧵 Image
The areas that harvest wheat vs rice are different. Why?
Because of climate
Rice needs heat and lots of water. Ideally, flooding the fields to also kill weeds. Rice dies with frost.

Wheat resists it well, prefers cooler temperatures, but dies when it's flooded Image
Read 12 tweets
Jul 7
Did you know the West's trade deficits to China are not recent, but started 2000 years ago? This is the story of how silk, porcelain, tea, opium, and silver have determined the history of the world 🧵
The Romans already complained about deficits to China! Mainly because of silk Image
Back then the Chinese already preferred manufacturing and selling products than consuming foreign products. Chronicler Solinus ~200 AD: The Chinese "prefer only to sell their products, but do not like to buy our goods."Image
Read 12 tweets
Jun 25
Why did 🇮🇱Israel strike 🇮🇷Iran now, and not months or years ago or in the future?

A unique combination of a dozen factors converged to make the moment unique for 🇮🇱Israel: 🧵
1. No Hamas to its southwest
2. No Hezbollah to its north
3. No Assad threat to the northeast
4... Image
4. No more Syrian army to attack 🇮🇱Israel's planes: As the new forces of HTS took over Syria, Israel bombed all the existing Syrian military. No more fighter jets or surface-to-air missiles to threaten 🇮🇱Israel Image
5. Ability to fly over Syria to refuel
This is critical, because 🇮🇷Iran is ~600-1000 miles away from 🇮🇱Israel, so 1200-2000 miles round trip

The range of Israel’s stealth F35 is only about 1,350 mi
To operate inside 🇮🇷Iran, 🇮🇱Israel needed refueling over Syria Image
Image
Read 7 tweets

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