“Religion” is not just a Latin word, but a quasi-legal term. “Religio” just meant state-permitted worship as opposed to “superstitio,” a derogatory term for those cults that the Roman state frowned upon.
Religions are superstitions that have proven themselves. Like start-ups that have passed from seed-stage to IPO.
The term religion has two possible root-meanings. One is re-ligere: to bind or join again. The other is re-legere: to read or study again. The re- prefix means that religion is a kind of repetition or recuperation of something that came before.
To speak of religion is to speak of a term that does not exist in the Torah or the Gospels.
The closest term I can think of in the Torah is avodah, which means service or work, but which has a connotation of serving God or (false gods).
Our discourse would be very different—if not nonsensical—if we spoke about a separation between avodah (service) and malchut (kingdom) rather than religion and state. But here we are.
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I'm excited to bring you a @threadapalooza on Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), one of the greatest religious thinkers of modern times, a brilliant literary stylist and psychologist whose influence reaches everywhere, from Dr. Martin Luther King to the films of Terrence Malick.
Alfred North Whitehead famously wrote that the history of philosophy could be written as footnotes to Plato and Aristotle. But we could just as well say that all of modern thought is a footnote to the debate between Hegel and Kierkegaard. 2
That debate concerns many things. Can all opposites be resolved harmoniously in a higher synthesis as Hegel thought, or is life a matter of deciding between irreconcilable, competing truths, an either/or. 3
Aristotle says philosophy begins in wonder (or awe).
Abraham Joshua Heschel preserves the same sentiment when describing the innate human disposition to spiritual seeking.
Heidegger says philosophy begins when the world fails us in some way. The origin of enquiry is crisis. Necessity is the mother of invention and necessity appears when things fall apart.
Anyone else notice that both Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss espouse the virtue of solitude? (Thread)
It seems like Arendt faults mass culture’s tendency to thoughtlessness for sewing the seeds for totalitarianism and mob mentality. Eg Eichmann didn’t know how to be alone with his own thoughts...to maintain a dialogue with himself.
Interestingly, Strauss defines the philosopher as a person apart from the times. The thinker has more in common with other thinkers than with his or her contemporary society.
It's time to honor Maimonides (1138-1204) with a @threadapalooza.
The "Rambam" (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) was one of the most daring & revolutionary (Jewish) thinkers of all time. He was not only a philosopher, but a community leader, jurist, legal theorist, and medical doctor.
Maimonides was born and raised in Cordoba (Andalusia), but fled persecution to Morocco, and then, to Egypt. Besides a life of geopolitical exile, Maimonides suffered the traumatic losses of both his brother and his son. One of Judaism's greatest minds was also a sensitive soul.
Since this is a tribute, I'm going to focus on what I find inspiring and transformative about Maimonides, rather than an overview of his thought--which is hotly contested, as is the thought of every great thinker. 3
The time has come for a @threadapalooza about Heraclitus, an Ancient Greek thinker (Ephesus, 500 BCE) whose fragments read as a contemplation on our inability to say what is.
If I were being cheeky, I'd tweet "you can't step into the same tweet twice" and retweet 99x...
Heraclitus did not write fragments, but like most work from that time, his fragments are what remain. Anne Carson, though would say that these works find their completion in their fragmentation, are more whole in their wrecked, elliptical form. 2
The notion that a fragment can be whole precisely because it is broken is a theme commonly found amongst the German romantics who wrote fragments as a genre (just as they adored ruins). 3
Time for a @threadapalooza about Spinoza, a giant thinker and iconoclast ahead of his time whose criticisms of religion and traditional theology in 17th century Amsterdam earned him censorship and excommunication. A would-be-rabbi, he made a living as a lens grinder.
Spinoza, whose family had fled the Spanish Inquisition, held many contrarian views, but he was not a contrarian because he wanted to annoy.
He believed that a serene, good life was one ruled by reason rather than passion, superstition or chance experience. 2
His magnum opus is called "Ethics" which is significant, because he makes many claims in the book that are not about ethics but about metaphysics and the nature of the world. Why call the book ethics? 3