Battle of the Sesia River in 1524 was another defeat of the French in the Italian War of 1521-26, defeated by Imperial forces. During this battle, they also lost one of the finest French knights Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard, who fell on the battlefield, shot by an arquebus.
Despite their crushing defeat at Bicocca in 1522, the French king Francis I managed to send another big army to Italy in late 1523 led by Guillaume Gouffier, Lord of Bonnivet. Francis gained money for this new army by seizing properties of Charles III, Duke of Bourbon.
Charles of Bourbon was angered by this and abandoned the French king Francis, switching sides and entering emperor Charles V's service instead. Meanwhile a huge French army under Bonnivet, numbering around 35000 men including Swiss mercenaries marched into Italy to conquer Milan.
The Imperial forces under Prospero Colonna had barely half as many men, but Colonna was an experienced leader who patiently avoided battles and eventually stationed his army in the fortified city of Milan. Once again he wanted the French to exhaust themselves before battles.
The French once again had a problem of poor leadership as Bonnivet played into Colonna's game and had his army retreat to winterquarters to the west of Milan and delaying the campaign to next year. Meanwhile Imperial army received reinforcements by arrivals of Bourbon and Lannoy.
Charles de Lannoy arrived from Naples with fresh troops. He would assume command after the aged Colonna died that same year, and he continued using the same pragmatic and defensive approach while the French army was decimated by disease and lack of pay. A lot of Swiss left.
Lannoy now had a larger army than Bonnivet and decided to look for a decisive engagement on the open field. However this time, it was Bonnivet who didn't want it. Realizing the abysmal condition of his army, he decided to retreat to France. Lannoy was determined to pursue him.
As the French were crossing the river Sesia, Lannoy sent a vanguard consisting of light cavalry and mounted arquebusiers to catch the retreating French forces. This small force of Imperials was able to successfully harass the French who were retreating over the river very slowly.
The French prepared a counterattack on the Spanish and Italian arquebusiers who had dismounted uphill and assumed a defensive position. The French heavy cavalry charged, but on boggy terrain the charge was not as effective and arquebusiers managed to shoot down many.
Next the Swiss pikemen went on offensive but they too had a lot of casualties and were not effective as the arqubusiers retreated from them and then shot again from safer positions. They were also threatened by light cavalry from the flanks and had to retreat back.
In this situation, the French prepared another heavy cavalry attack, led by Pierre Terrail de Bayard, an inspiring veteran warrior reputed as the most chivalrous French. The charge was once again unsuccessful and Bayard himself died in the charge! He was shot down by an arquebus.
At that point, the main Imperial army had arrived and the French had no choice but to retreat in disorder and flee. Bonnivet's 1523-24 campaign was a total fiasco, a waste of money and men and another humiliating defeat for the French in a battle, on top of losing Bayard's life.
What makes this battle interesting is that is proved the effectiveness of skirmish gunpowder attacks which would continue to be used by Giovanni de Medici's Black Bands Italian mercenaries in the years that followed to great effect, as the wars would continue.
• • •
Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to
force a refresh
The early modern era saw the production of massive plan reliefs - scale models of cities, fortifications and surrounding landscape for military usage.
Venetians were the early pioneers of this in 16th century. But the French under Louis XIV took this on another level in 17th century, ordering a production of 140 1:600 scale models in 1688, in an aim to catalogue all the important military fortifications and border fortress-cities in France.
The finest military engineers of the realm such as Vauban took part in this project!
Close attention was paid to all the details.
In 1700, Louis XIV installed the huge collection of plan reliefs in the Louvre. These models could initially only be viewed by elite and were a sort of state secret, as they would provide important knowledge in an event of war.
A large number of such models was built during and after wars, to include newly captured cities and fortresses. Many new plan reliefs were made during the rule of Louis XV in 18th century, some of them to replace the old damage ones.
The construction of plan reliefs shows a new development in European military history. With the advent of siege artillery and bastion fort fortifications, it became hugely important for European states to upgrade their key fortresses and ensure that their strategic cities and towns were fortified enough to endure an enemy assault. Topographic features were studied and sieges were meticulously planned!
It also shows the centralization of European states, which felt the need to have their military capabilities carefully catalogued, helping them to better devise a grand strategy to protect their borders against all threats, studying the possible weak points.
After the fall of Ancien Regime, the production of plan reliefs was revived by Napoleon who ordered the construction of many new ones.
These plan reliefs could also end up in enemy hands, captured as spoils of war. This happened in 1814 when Prussians took 17 models with them to Berlin.
The production of plan reliefs continued into 19th century, but they would eventually be rendered obsolete by 1870 as military technology developed further and artillery became even more powerful, too powerful for the old bastion fort fortifications.
Fortunately, many of the old plan reliefs survived to this day and are stored in the Musée des Plans-Reliefs where they could be observed by curious visitors.
An example of a plan relief kept in Musée des Plans-Reliefs in Paris.
Besançon and surrounding fortifications, made in 1722.
The level of detail is astonishing!
The scale model of Antibes and coast fortifications is quite epic!
Vauban helped to fortify this strategically important port in the French Riviera.
During 16th century sieges, mines and counter-mines were dug.
It was not uncommon that brutal subterranean fighting would take place in the mines!
It's incredible that such mines are still preserved today at St Andrews Castle in Scotland where a siege took place in 1546. 🧵
The well-preserved 16th century siege mines at St Andrews Castle reveal the hard work that was done by both the besiegers and the defenders to dig these tunnels.
During sieges, a lot depended on such subterranean battles.
Such tactics had already been in place for a long time in various medieval and early modern sieges all over Europe.
The besiegers dug tunnels trying to undermine enemy towers or sections of the wall, paving the way for the infantry to storm the city or fortification.
It's wild how Denmark had colonies in India for more than 200 years from 1620 to 1869.
Fort Dansborg, built in 1620, still stands today in the Bay of Bengal.
They had forts, factories, trading posts. But they eventually sold their possessions to British Empire.
The Danish presence in India was of little significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat so they let them carve out their own niche.
A map of Danish trade routes in the region.
The operation was initially conducted by Danish East India Company.
But the early years of the Danish adventure in India in 1620s were horrible. Almost two-thirds of all the trading vessels dispatched from Denmark were lost.
English explorer John Smith, famous for his involvement in establishing the Jamestown colony in America in 1607.
His coat of arms featured the heads of three Ottoman soldiers whom he beheaded in duels while serving as a mercenary in Transylvania during the Long Turkish War.
John Smith is known today for his role in managing the colony of Jamestown in Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, and his connection with a Powhatan woman called Pocahontas.
But John Smith was also a powerful warrior and mercenary prior to that.
Born in England, he set off to sea in 1596 at age 16 after his father died to become a mercenary, fighting for the French against the Spanish.
He was looking for what he called "brave adventures".
After a truce was made in 1598, he joined a French pirate crew in Mediterranean.
Many Irishmen served the Habsburgs over centuries and distinguished themselves.
Over 100 Irishmen were field marshals, generals, or admirals in the Austrian Army!
Some of the illustrious Irish warriors serving the Habsburg emperors. 🧵
In 1853 there was an assassination attempt on emperor Franz Joseph in Vienna by a Hungarian nationalist.
But the emperor's life was saved by Count Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell who cut the assassin down with a sabre.
O'Donnell was a descendant of Irish nobility!
Maximilian ancestors -the powerful O'Donnell clan- left Ireland during the Flight of the Earls in 1607, when Irish earls and their followers left Ireland in the aftermath of their defeat against the English Crown in the Nine Years' War in 1603.
Many inns appeared in medieval Europe, offering foods, drinks and a place to socialize, as well as lodging for travelers, helping transportation logistics.
In this thread I will present some of the old medieval inns that survived to this day, from various European countries!🧵
The George Inn. Norton St Philip in Somerset, England 🏴.
Built in 14th century and completed in 15th century, this is a proper medieval inn.
Being an innkeeper was a respected social position. In medieval England, innkeepers were generally wealthy and held influence in towns!
Stiftskeller St. Peter. St Peter's Abbey in Salzburg, Austria 🇦🇹.
Often mentioned as the oldest inn in Central Europe, for it was first mentioned in 803 in a letter to Charlemagne.
It operated as part of the monastery to give food to pilgrims. Now a prestigious restaurant.