It's wild how Denmark had colonies in India for more than 200 years from 1620 to 1869.

Fort Dansborg, built in 1620, still stands today in the Bay of Bengal.

They had forts, factories, trading posts. But they eventually sold their possessions to British Empire.

The Danish presence in India was of little significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat so they let them carve out their own niche.

A map of Danish trade routes in the region.

English explorer John Smith, famous for his involvement in establishing the Jamestown colony in America in 1607.

His coat of arms featured the heads of three Ottoman soldiers whom he beheaded in duels while serving as a mercenary in Transylvania during the Long Turkish War.
John Smith is known today for his role in managing the colony of Jamestown in Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, and his connection with a Powhatan woman called Pocahontas.

But John Smith was also a powerful warrior and mercenary prior to that.

The Habsburg-Irish military connection!

Many Irishmen served the Habsburgs over centuries and distinguished themselves.

Over 100 Irishmen were field marshals, generals, or admirals in the Austrian Army!

Some of the illustrious Irish warriors serving the Habsburg emperors. 🧵

In 1853 there was an assassination attempt on emperor Franz Joseph in Vienna by a Hungarian nationalist.

But the emperor's life was saved by Count Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell who cut the assassin down with a sabre.

O'Donnell was a descendant of Irish nobility!

Many inns appeared in medieval Europe, offering foods, drinks and a place to socialize, as well as lodging for travelers, helping transportation logistics.

In this thread I will present some of the old medieval inns that survived to this day, from various European countries!🧵

The George Inn. Norton St Philip in Somerset, England 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿.

Built in 14th century and completed in 15th century, this is a proper medieval inn.

Being an innkeeper was a respected social position. In medieval England, innkeepers were generally wealthy and held influence in towns!

This is the Mercedes-Benz W125 Rekordwagen made in 1937.

I was always fascinated with this car.

It's crazy how in 1938 this car recorded a speed of 432.7 km/h (268.9 mph). This remained the fastest ever officially timed speed on a public road until broken in 2017. The record was set by German driver Rudolf Caracciola who drove this car on the Reichs-Autobahn A5 between Frankfurt and Darmstadt on 28 January 1938.

This reflected the obsession with breaking records and showcasing industrial prowess of nations at the time.

I found some interesting depictions of 16th century fashion from Costumes of All Nations (1882).

1) German🧵 2) German

Hussite war wagons proved so effective that within 100 years this tactic spread from Bohemia all the way to India!

In 1526 Mughal Emperor Babur employed war wagons to win the First Battle of Panipat.

A short thread on how this style of warfare spread over the world. 🧵

The tactic of "wagenburg" (wagon fort) was adopted in the Hussite Wars (1419-1434) by the Hussites, a religious movement which fought armies of crusader knights from all over Europe.

The use of such war wagons enabled them to withstand the cavalry charges of armored knights.

There was a scene in the movie Lord of the Rings where they light signal fires to warn of an attack.

But this is how the defense system of Habsburg lands actually worked against the Ottoman threat!

A network of bonfires was in place to warn people of incoming Ottoman raids. 🧵

In the Lord of the Rings these are called the Beacon-hills of Gondor.

They are permanently manned stations across the hills where great fireplaces are kept in the state of readiness.

In this manner, people all over the kingdom can be informed of an attack quickly.

In 1927 Benito Mussolini ordered to drain the Lake Nemi south of Rome to recover the wrecks of the Nemi ships, two large pleasure barges built under the reign of the Roman emperor Caligula.

Unfortunately the remains of the ships were destroyed by fire in 1944 during WWII.

It is speculated that Nemi ships were elaborate floating palaces, with mosaic floors, heating and plumbing, baths, galleries and saloons, as well as a large variety of vines and fruit trees, similar to other Caligula's galleys described by Suetonius!

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Americans made a lot of cutaway images to show how buildings operated.

This was a very interesting time of American history which many see as the beginning of a golden age. 🇺🇸

A thread with a collection of 16 of these cutaway images. 🧵

How a modern hotel operates.

Jan III Sobieski is well known for his victory at Vienna in 1683.

But he had already made his name as a warrior long before that.

On this day 11 November he achieved a great victory against the Ottomans in 1673 at Khotyn.

This is how the Lion of Lechistan was born. 🧵

The Battle of Khotyn happened in the context of the Polish-Ottoman War of 1672-1676.

The said war was started when the Ottomans invaded the lands of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Ukraine with a 80,000 strong army.

This army was led Sultan Mehmed IV and the Grand Vizier.

It's crazy how Americans bought the myth that during the time of Columbus people thought that the earth was flat, a complete lie popularized by quasi-historian Washington Irving in 1828.

This globe was literally made before Columbus' discovery, and has no America on it. Washington Irving completely invented a fictional dialogue between Columbus and the Council of Salamanca, where the clergy supposedly objected him on the ground that the earth was flat.

His fraudulent book would become the most popular book on Columbus in English-speaking world.

The idea that monarchy and republic are opposed to each other is a modern thing.

The term republic (res publica) was often used to describe medieval kingdoms.

Even by 16th century the Kingdom of France was still called both a republic and a monarchy at the same time! The Kingdom of France defined itself by the phrase of "chose publique" (res publica) from 1350s to 1580s, also using the word respublique, to describe the relation between the King of France and his subject.

The term was then replaced by State (État).

There are many mysterious legends in the Alps.

People from the village of Gurro believe that they are descendants of Scottish warriors who served the French king at the battle of Pavia in 1525!

It is said that after their retreat the Scots were stuck here due to a blizzard. 🧵



The village of Gurro is situated in Italy close to the border of Switzerland.

The villagers are said to speak a curious dialect and have distinct traditions which they believe originate from their alleged Scottish ancestors.

There are many anonymous accounts here on X.

But how did people post anonymously in the past?

16th century Romans developed an interesting tradition of "talking statues", attaching anonymous political commentary on statues.

The Pasquino was the first of such statues.🧵
The Pasquino is an old statue in Rome dating back to Antiquity.

It was one of many random statues in Rome until early 16th century when Cardinal Oliveiro Carafa decorated the statue with Latin epigrams on the occasion of the Feast of Saint Mark.

In the Middle Ages there was no word for orange color.

The Westerners only adopted the word for this color in 16th century from the Sanskrit word naranga through Portuguese merchants!

It eventually became associated with the Protestant cause.🧵

The medievals adopted the idea from the ancients that there were only seven colors: white, yellow, red, green, blue, purple and black.

These were also the seven heraldic tinctures which were eligible to be used on the coats of arms.

Medieval nobles could not use orange color!

From 1475 on, the Venetians recruited the stradioti light cavalry from the Balkans as borderland troops in Friuli to defend against Ottoman raids.

These were known for cutting off the heads of dead or captured enemies and wanted to be paid extra for every head they brought back!

In one instance during the Ottoman raid on the town of Spilimbergo in 1499, the stradioti were able to respond quickly enough and in cooperation with local Friulian militias killed around 100 Ottomans whose heads they brought to a Venetian commander, demanding to be paid!

I keep thinking about this town of Mahdia in Tunisia.

It used to be an important port but brutal wars through history reduced it to a quiet fishing town.

It's a place of significance for Western history as the first successful crusade-like expedition was launched here in 1087. The Mahdia campaign of 1087 was a huge success for Pope Victor III who was able to rally the rival Italian maritime republics of Pisa, Genoa and Amalfi behind the Christian banner to attack the hated Muslim port of Mahdia from where pirate raids were staged by the Zirids.

A donjon was a MASSIVE building that served as the last resort during the defense of the castle.

Basically if everything was lost you retreated into one of these.

This one in Houdan was built in 12th century as part of the castle that is no longer there. It was never conquered. The walls of the donjon have an average thickness of three metres!

This is an absolute unit of a building.

These huge towers in the town of San Gimignano present an imposing sight over the Tuscan countryside!

They are a reminder of a very violent time when warring families inside the town built such towers.

There used to be many more of such towers in this town, over 70 of them. 🧵



The picturesque Tuscan countryside is now a tourist attraction and it is associated with peace and tranquility.

But there was a lot of violence in these lands in the past.

Terrible conflicts broke out in the Middle Ages and Renaissance!

Some European towns are still enclosed by their medieval walls.

The most known examples are Visby, Carcassonne and Monteriggioni!

These towns are from different parts of Europe, located in Sweden, France and Italy respectively.

Which one do you think is the most beautiful?



The town of Montagnana in Veneto is still enclosed by fully functional 14th century walls which had withstood powerful Veronese bombards in 1386.

Absolutely amazing walls!