1/4 Another useful article by Zhou Xin. Among other things he estimates that Evergrande's on- and off-balance sheet obligations may amount to as much as 3% of China's annual GDP. That's a lot of debt. scmp.com/economy/china-… via @scmpnews
2/4 But none of this is new. Many of us have know for years (some of us for over a decade) that the property-development sector was creating a very serious imbalance in the Chinese economy, and this includes a number of regulators and policy advisors.
3/4 So why didn't Beijing act sooner to reverse the problem? Perhaps because, as Albert Hirschman used to point out, the constituencies that benefit disproportionately from unbalanced growth are often powerful enough politically to block attempts to reverse these imbalances.
4/4 As Zhou explains: "But property has been a key driver of China’s economic growth. Local governments rely on revenue from land sales, families invest in housing, and developers – who cannot borrow easily from banks – have tapped other sources of funding."
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1/4 Damned if you do, damned if you don't: "At least eight cities in mainland China have come up with measures to prevent developers from offering excessively cheap homes to stabilise the market and prevent a collapse in prices." scmp.com/business/china… via @SCMPNews
2/4 The article lists many ways in which local officials fear that lower housing prices would be harmful to the economy, including its adverse impact on local government revenues. They are right, of course, but the alternative – ever rising prices – is worse in the medium term.
3/4 This problem emerged over a decade ago, or at least that's how long I have been writing about it, but even when it finally became clear to everyone that soaring housing prices were a problem, the costs of resolving it always seemed higher than...
1/6 This FT article suggests that foreign investors can help prop up the US Treasury market as the Fed begins to cut back on its bond buying, but I disagree. I would argue that this idea of foreign "support" of the US bond market is based... ft.com/content/47551b…
2/6 on viewing US debt incrementally, rather than systemically.
3/6 rich, this paradoxically does not lead to more US savings but rather to more US debt among lower income Americans. I argued in my 2013 book that this is because US investment is not constrained at all by scarce savings, and so more savings cannot result in more investment.
1/5 Good article on the consequences of reducing housing speculation. The housing market is so distorted that there is no question Beijing must act, but after having postponed action for so many years, whatever it does is likely to be costly.
2/5 I think, for example, that it will be very difficult for them to stabilize property prices, even if stabilizing them at such painfully high levels were the right thing to do. Highly speculative markets rarely stabilize: they either rise or decline.
3/5 On the other hand, if prices start to decline, Beijing would either have to put in measures that made it difficult to sell, or risk a rapid drop in prices.
1/9 The idea that more efficiency in financial markets is by definition a good thing is based on an unrealistic model of financial markets in which the only thing that drives capital is a search for productive investment in the real economy. ft.com/content/983bc6…
2/9 If markets are inefficient enough – i.e. frictional costs high enough – to distort the flow of capital to its most productive use in the real economy, then it makes sense to implement policies that lower fictional costs. This can only improve the capital allocation mechanism.
3/9 But at a certain point frictional costs become so low that they have almost no impact on the way capital is allocated to productive investment. In that case, lowering frictional costs further only benefits speculative, high-turnover capital and the derivatives market.
1/5 Very interesting article on the range of problems Evergrande has faced in recent months and years. I didn't realize that already 3-4 years ago the commercial paper that Evergrande used to pay suppliers and contractors was being discounted at 15-20%. caixinglobal.com/2021-09-20/cov…
2/5 That should have been a warning that the company was already facing a serious liquidity squeeze, or else why implicitly borrow at such astonishingly high rates? And yet, at the time, Evergrande was also paying large dividends to its shareholders.
3/5 Of course, as this article notes, Evergrande's problems are also problems for China's economy: "Its liabilities are equivalent to about 2% of China’s GDP. It has more than 200,000 employees, who themselves and many of their families have invested billions of yuan in...
1/4 Even as the chairman was proclaiming that a basic principle of his business is that cash is king, he was pulling cash out of the company. According to WSJ: "As it piled on debt, Evergrande paid out billions in dividends to... wsj.com/articles/how-b… via @WSJ
2/4 stockholders, with most of that cash going to Mr. Hui as its largest shareholder. The payouts helped him become one of China’s richest men. He has received more than 34 billion yuan, the equivalent of $5.3 billion, in dividends since October 2018."
3/4 Someone must have know that this was problematic because, at the same time, Evergrande was doing everything possible to raise cash, not just from banks, but also from employees through wealth management products, from customers through pre-purchases and deposits, and from...