Prices are increasingly less likely to be informative for understanding where Chinese economy is heading
The latest Evergrande bond deal (see link) is the likely template for all potentially systemic events ... ft.com/content/d1f2a7…
Since the state essentially owns the financial sector, it will bank-roll debt rollovers via central bank if necessary
All of this will minimize price impact on financial assets - and hence financial contagion will be minimized ... this is likely to be the state's goal
So does that mean all will be well?
No, it just means that prices are no longer informative.
We need to look elsewhere to figure out the *real* health of the Chinese economy
I will point out two broad areas of concern.
First, real estate accounts for 29% of Chinese GDP according to Rogoff and Yang (link below)
This output critically depends on *new credit flows* into real estate sector voxeu.org/article/can-ch…
It is this *quantity* of credit flow that really matters for output - and chances are that this flow will dry up, at least if the state's "three red lines" are going to have a bite.
So look at what happens to new capital formation in real estate, and relatedly consumer spending for households who own properties
These are the first big downside risks to focus on
The second area of concern is local government spending.
About 1/3 of local government revenue was from land sales, that source is likely to dry up fast. And local governments have over 8 trillion dollars of debt to pay back
So we are looking at local government austerity
More likely the central government will step in to provide support, but it is not going to be easy
In any event, focus on quantities , not prices when it comes to china
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Afghanistan is experiencing the mother of all "sudden stops"
i.e. economic collapse resulting from a sudden stop of foreign money that was financing a large trade deficit
Afghanistan was financing a trade deficit of ~ 25% of GDP
How large is 25%? It is about 3 times as large as the largest sudden stops in recent history such as east asia, southern europe, mexico etc.
And it gets even worse
~9B$ of their reserves have also been frozen, and there's no other credit line
So what happens when there's a sudden stop?
in the absence of foreign money, the only way left for the economy to balance its imports is to contract, i.e. GDP falls so demand falls, so imports fall
We all know what it is at a personal level: I get 100$ check and might save 20$ out of it
But what is savings in the aggregate? Say for the world as a whole?
That's where it gets tricky.
e.g. people talk about a "global saving glut". But can we measure it?
Not really - at least not in a direct sense
The reason is that when a person (say Adam) "saves", someone else (say Eve) uses that saving, i.e. "dissaves", by borrowing it and spending it for one purpose or another
So, aggregate total saving is always exactly zero!
Now you might say, that according to the world bank worldwide saving is about 25% of GDP historically.
Some broad takeaways for development from 20 years of Afghan economic experience
The Afghan economy stalled in 2012 after foreign aid started receding from a high of about 50% of GDP.
The big injection of foreign money did not translate into sustainable growth. Why?
Because foreign money artificially raised domestic spending power - artificial in the sense that it was not associated with increased domestic productivity
We can see this in Afghan trade statistics. Imports rise three-fold, while exports are stagnant.
There was a temporary spending boom, that vanished when foreign flows dried up.
The spending boom is actually harmful when it is artificial, because it hurts exports via real exchange rate appreciation and other misallocations