At the salt evaporation ponds in Gongoni, Kilifi County. Water (mostly seawater) is directed into the ponds by the use of pumps. Natural evaporation is then left to take place and salt is subsequently harvested. The ponds also provide resting grounds for waterbirds. #BlueEconomy
The salt production sector has large-scale players who have monopolized the table salt market and special salt suitable for baking. The small-scale players like the one whose ponds I've pictured focus on other markets like animal feed makers.
There is ongoing competition, sometimes unfair, despite the focus on different markets. The larger companies are often accused of blocking seawater from reaching the ponds of the small-scale entrepreneurs in the sector.
The small-scale economics: A 50kg bag fetches Ksh. 500, most of their markets (animal feed makers) are in Nairobi. Production per bag is anything between Ksh. 45 - Ksh. 70 depending on factors like fuel cost, weather & water availability. The ponds employ both genders.
I see a young man running across with a load of salt on his shoulder. He had just stolen salt from a heap belonging to one of the larger salt companies. I am told it is a common occurence, the younger generations bitter with the companies because they sit on land that was theirs.
This bring to light a deeper socio-economic issue in Gongoni & other salt production areas. The big companies did acquire the land many years ago but the feeling is it was by arm-twisting and at a throw away price. Also, the community don't feel they gain from the companies' CSR.
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Ibn Battuta (24th Feb. 1304 - 1368/1369), Muslim Moroccan scholar/explorer. By acclamation the greatest traveller in pre-modern history covering over 72,000 miles. Ahead of Zheng He (30,000 miles) & Marco Polo (15,000 miles). Notably, he spent a night in Mombasa in 1331. Thread.
A Moroccan of Berber descent, born in Tangier to a family of Islamic legal scholars, he followed in the same path until 1324 at the age of 21 when he set off to perform the Hajj in Mecca. Behind the decision, a growing love for adventure. He would be away from home for 24 years.
He profoundly stated, "I set out alone, having neither fellow-traveller in whose companionship I might find cheer nor caravan whose part I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me & a desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries...
Ever used the word 'kibarua' or phrase 'niko kibaruani'? Well, the word 'kibarua' gained prominence on the Kenyan Coast in the 19th century to mean a system of day labour for slaves at the docks. They in turn paid their 'masters' half their daily earnings. A thread...
We must first understand the slavery/utumwa set-up as it was at the Coast. Utumwa was in contrast to what was considered 'uungwana' (civilised/freeborn). Some of the qualities of uungwana were being 'cultured', 'graceful', 'fashionable'. Utumwa would later morph into 'utumishi'.
'Mtumishi' was a servant as opposed to a slave. The difference being 'mtumwa' worked for free. The terms associated with utumwa were 'mzalia', 'mjakazi', 'mtwana', 'suria', 'suriama', 'mtumwa mjinga', and at the bottom of the pile...'mshenzi'.
There is nothing new under the sun, a short thread of data & correspondence at the Coast during the Spanish influenza outbreak (1918-1920) that mirrors the Corona pandemic. Vanga represents Kwale, Nyika represents Kilifi. Data from Tana River & Lamu wasn't readily available then.
The data above is for the period of Sept. 1918-March 1919. The outbreak globally was in waves, those that experienced a first wave (March 1918-August 1918) built up immunity & had a less severe second wave than countries that had first interaction with the flu in the second wave.
As is commonly known, Spanish influenza arrived in Kenya when a ship carrying World War 1 troops & carrier corps docked at the port of Mombasa from India in September 1918. In it were ailing persons that would introduce the second wave of the virus to our shores.
Late 1940s Kaloleni, Kilifi County. A time when the white man was passing the responsibility of running schools to educated Africans. Pictured here is Japhet B. Mumba, Principal - Kaloleni School, together with his family. His deputy at the time was Ronald Ngala. Short thread...
Educated at Alliance High School and Makerere, Japhet B. Mumba was deemed ready for the Principal role. The English-style house in the background was handed to him for occupancy. The previous occupant was a CMS Missionary, Miss E. Bodger.
Miss E. Bodgers was somewhat a legend in Kaloleni & the larger Kilifi. She founded the Kaloleni Vocational Training Center in 1927, where tailoring, carpentry, masonry & agriculture was taught. Popularly known as 'Bibi Bodger' by locals, she spoke fluent Giriama.