Tomas Pueyo Profile picture
Sep 28, 2021 35 tweets 9 min read Read on X
The end of nation-states is coming.
Internet and Blockchain will bankrupt them, by distributing its power to individuals, corporations, supra-national entities, and distributed organizations.

Just at the moment when they need more $ than ever
Thread 🧵
Picture this:
Why?
1. Individuals have + power.
They can access all the info in the world, and reach everybody in the world. The only thing they need is good, catchy ideas.

A single person, Satoshi Nakamoto changed the world with a pseudonym with their Bitcoin paper.

QAnon did the same
Even a random guy like me can come out of nowhere, read scientific papers in his spare time, and write articles in sweatpants that end up read by tens of millions of people and influence the policies of dozens of countries.

Impossible just 20 years ago.
Up till then, it was broadcasters who had the power to dictate thought, and the agenda of broadcasters was heavily influenced by the government.
2. Multinational Companies
As big tech companies grow, they replace lots of local businesses and concentrate their wealth in a few ppl
Well exemplified by the travel industry
You can see the shift in the tone companies use.
And the tech they build is going to keep undermining their power.
3. Blockchain eliminates gatekeepers through decentralization

How did it work until now? The gov was always the ultimate gatekeeper
But Blockchain—the tech, and more importantly, its culture—kill this. You don't need a central gatekeeper when the community can achieve a better outcome with less red tape and corruption.

4. Supranational entities
The history of the world shows that political scope grows to manage the size of the problems.

We now have global problems. And so we will have global orgs to solve them,
US, EU, WHO, WTO, IMF, WB... all are supranational organizations that emerged to solve pbms they couldn't solve alone.

The failure of the WHO during the pandemic only was news because of how sorely needed the organism was.
1. Individuals
2. Corporations
3. Blockchain
4. Supranational Entities

All will take away power away from the nation-state
As they do, a new class emerges. This is the way we should understand the Somewheres vs. Anywheres.

The Somewheres are bound to the nation-state. The anywheres aren't.
This will be accelerated by the emergence of the Lingua Franca that will remain at the top forever: English (unless we invent quickly a reliable universal auto-translator)
unchartedterritories.tomaspueyo.com/p/should-every…
This loss of sovereignty happens just at the time when the Nation-State goes broke because its income goes down due to corporate taxation, individual taxation, and money printing limitation:
1. Corporate taxation is much harder when companies are fully remote.
It's easy to tax a mine.
It's harder to tax a pharma company that can move its revenue around the world. At least they have a headquarters.

What if you eliminate the headquarters? remote work does this
This is how we should be reading Biden's attempt to fix a global minimum tax to all governments. But so far only 130/195 have agreed. And look who disagrees:
Ireland is the 2nd richest country in the EU per capita. That comes mostly from their corporate tax strategy. Do you think Ireland is eager to lose their competitive advantage?

Oh, the EU needs unanimity on this vote.
We'll see what happens in October.
2. Individual taxation
Becomes much harder when there's remote work and ppl can shop around to the most compelling tax system.
Countries have noticed this and are competing for their taxes.
Obviously, taxing is even harder when ppl start using cryptocurrencies.

Crypto has another impact on govs' financing: they can't print money as much
3. Money Printing Reduced
Govs have been pretty happy printing money to finance themselves
Which has made lots of people rich from the stock market... by making poor those who held cash through inflation
As a result BTC is growing

The more cryptocurrencies ppl hold, the less countries can print money and hope it doesn't lead to inflation
And costs are increasing due to the demographic ticking bomb.

1. We don't have children
2. But we live much longer
3. As a result, every retiree is supported by fewer and fewer workers
4. So the govt debt increases
Which means more interest payments... while costs of old age benefits grow. Today, 20% of gov spending is dedicated to that. What will happen when it doubles?
So:
A. Less power for nation-states
B. At a time when their income dwindles
C. But also, when their costs increase
--> Nation-states will go bankrupt. Something else will replace them.
We shouldn't be surprised. This is what happened to the Church in 1500 when the printing press appeared. Or to chiefdoms when writing appeared.

unchartedterritories.tomaspueyo.com/p/internet-blo…
Does it make sense to you? Tell me what you think!
Many more details in today's article
unchartedterritories.tomaspueyo.com/p/the-end-of-n…
What will replace nation-states? I'll go deep into that in a future article. Follow here and subscribe to the newsletter to read it

unchartedterritories.tomaspueyo.com/subscribe

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More from @tomaspueyo

Jun 25
Why did 🇮🇱Israel strike 🇮🇷Iran now, and not months or years ago or in the future?

A unique combination of a dozen factors converged to make the moment unique for 🇮🇱Israel: 🧵
1. No Hamas to its southwest
2. No Hezbollah to its north
3. No Assad threat to the northeast
4... Image
4. No more Syrian army to attack 🇮🇱Israel's planes: As the new forces of HTS took over Syria, Israel bombed all the existing Syrian military. No more fighter jets or surface-to-air missiles to threaten 🇮🇱Israel Image
5. Ability to fly over Syria to refuel
This is critical, because 🇮🇷Iran is ~600-1000 miles away from 🇮🇱Israel, so 1200-2000 miles round trip

The range of Israel’s stealth F35 is only about 1,350 mi
To operate inside 🇮🇷Iran, 🇮🇱Israel needed refueling over Syria Image
Image
Read 7 tweets
Jun 23
Was 🇮🇷trying to get a nuclear bomb?

1. From Feb 2025 to Jun 2025, it increased its amount of enriched uranium by 50%
2. It now had 400kg of highly enriched uranium, enough for 9-10 bombs
3. This is 60% enriched uranium. Fuel only requires 5% enrichment.
4... 🧵
4. It's easy to go from 60% to 90% (weapons grade), it only takes weeks
5. The only country on Earth with such enriched uranium and without a bomb is 🇮🇷Iran
6. The IAEA (nuclear watchdog) found 3 secret nuclear sites
7. When 🇮🇷Iran didn't respond to this accusation, the IAEA censured it
8. 🇮🇷Iran responded to the censoring by saying it would open a 3rd enrichment site in a secret spot
Read 9 tweets
Jun 22
Now that the 🇺🇸US has bombed 3 of 🇮🇷Iran's nuclear sites, where will the war go from here?
It depends on 🇮🇱Israel: 🧵
🇮🇷Iran never wanted the war, and its forces are being decimated. Its ability to send missiles to 🇮🇱Israel is being degraded every day. If it could sign a ceasefire while saving face, it would Image
Meanwhile, 🇮🇱Israel has kept striking Iran non stop. Its daily airstrikes didn't go down substantially in the first few days. Its ability to keep striking 🇮🇷Iran remains unabated

So when will it stop? Image
Read 13 tweets
Jun 19
Can there be an invasion of Iran? Hardly. Two maps explain why, and also why Iran is the way it is today, whether its regime will fall, what other superpowers will do, and in general why Iran is the way it is today

1. Iran is a mountain & desert fortress Image
Here's a topograhic map
West: Zagros
North: Caspian Sea + Caucasus, Albroz, & Kopet-Dag mountains + Karakum Desert
East: Mountains + Dasht-e Kavir / Lut Deserts
South: Sea

The only truly exposed area is the southwestern corner of Khuzestan, which is a swamp Image
The biggest superpowers lie to the west, and there the very broad Zagros make it really hard to conquer Iran. The mountain range is tall and wide, making logistics similar to Afghanistan. Very hard.

Iraq learned it the hard way when it tried to attack there in 1980 Image
Read 20 tweets
Jun 19
Was 🇮🇷Iran trying to develop nuclear weapons?

Listening to the debate, it looks like 🇮🇱Israel & the 🇺🇸US intelligence community disagreed, but that's not really the case!

Both thought Iran was weeks to months away from being able to develop the bomb

So what's the disagreement?
Here are more facts:
• Tehran had just announced a 3rd enrichment site in an undisclosed place
• The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) had recently produced a report censoring Iran for the 1st time in 20y
• It accused Iran of 3 undisclosed nuclear sites
• It claimed Iran had enough enriched uranium for 9-10 nuclear bombs
• All the other countries in the world who have enriched uranium at the same level also have nuclear weapons. Iran is the only country that doesn't have these weapons yet enriches uranium as much
Read 7 tweets
Jun 3
Nuclear is the best source of energy across nearly all the factors that matter. It's the safest, cleanest, densest, most sustainable, geopolitically stable, predictable, dispatchable, and can be cheap.

1. SAFEST
It kills 1000x less than coal Image
Living close to a nuclear power plant for one year gives you less radiation than eating a banana (graph is logarithmic) Image
Image
2. CLEANEST
Accounting for all the lifecycle of all energies, it's the one that emits the least CO2 Image
Read 22 tweets

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