India coal stockpiles at power plants are the lowest in four years & so it has to choose whether to import expensive coal or have blackouts.
What is happening in China is not a China story but regional & global.
Winter is coming. 🥶🇮🇳🇨🇳
And as my Indian followers pointed out: India (and like much of Southeast Asia), winter is actually good for electricity demand, as in it would go down because cooler temperatures require less cooling & not much heating.
The same cannot be said for China.
I'm pretty proud of the US regarding our sources of electricity. We got the most clean fossil fuel - natural gas, which is seen as a good complement to renewables as renewables cannot serve all the energy needs for now.
Coal < renewables in the US as a source of electricity.
Yay for the US source of electricity. Pretty even mix of things & we are rather energy independent & use more renewables vs coal 🇺🇸.
Let's talk about what happened to renewables globally this year: climate change.
The very thing to fight it is susceptible to it. Let me explain.
I know Greta doesn't like the US but can I say we're pretty good if you compare us to emerging markets.
😇🇺🇸I'd say we're angels of electricity looking at the share of renewables.
Anyway, so u know hydro is key for renewables right (#1 source for China for example).
So?
The issue is this: renewables (hydro, wind, solar) depend on the weather.
Hydro by definition requires water. And WATER is a resource that is getting pretty scarce or UNDEPENDABLE due to CLIMATE CHANGE.
Have you heard of droughts in the US & Brazil? 🇺🇸🇧🇷
So as a result of climate change, leading to more volatile weather, which we must fight by doing more renewables, we actually got less energy from renewables.
As in, hydro got dried out by extreme droughts. Brazil gets tons of it from hydro but no good due to severe droughts.
Here is a summary of hydro in emerging markets and Europe. In China, hydro was up but varies by region. Sichuan got lower output.
India got lower hydro output. In Europe it is up but Turkey, which invested in more hydro, was impacted by droughts & output fell -30%
Volatile!
Key charts on hydro down in key markets. Anyway, hydro is not the greenest of renewables (solar is better & less disruptive to the environment due to building of dams etc).
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UK-US trade-deal and what does it tell you about Asian trade deals?
The UK got 100k auto for 10% vs 232 25% for autos & that's basically 100% of UK auto exports to the US (exported 104k in 2024)
UK got jet engines & plane parts at 0%, which is also a top export
UK got 0% on steel but the UK is on the verge of closing the last steel plant, which is Chinese owned anyway, so no benefit here but maybe it will help beef up some production.
10% on the rest of exports.
Mutual reduction of tariffs on ethanol + beef (agri win for the US but not so much)
For autos, given the 10% tariff but at 100k quota, which is basically all of UK autos, there is no room for "rerouting" of other autos that won't get tariffed. Meaning, the lower tariff from 25% to 10% but with a quota is an interesting move that sets up for EU trade talks on autos.
Steel - UK not a threat so 0% means maybe UK can beef up product but less competitive than the US as the US is almost self-sufficient w/ steel
Agri - US will need to produce beef that UK standard to export. I suppose that can't be hard
Ethanol is at 0% tariff so a win for US agri. For US soybean producers etc, ethanol is a win but how big is it if its biggest export market, China, is shut?
There are talks that the US will slash tariffs on Chinese goods. But let's remind ourselves this:
The US has 20% tariffs on China from Trump 1.0 to Biden (roughly) + 20% of fentanyl tariff on China + reciprocal that was later escalated to 145%.
If the US lowers 145% to say 50%, you still have close to 100% tariffs on China on most goods and higher levels for say autos.
Okay, I want to talk about tariffs a bit because there are a lot of tariffs. On everyone:
1) Steel + aluminium +25% 2) Autos is 25% (and some auto parts except USMCA qualified) - but note that Trump has realized that steel & alum are INTERMEDIATE GOODS and when you tax that then you got a big problem so he's BACKTRACKING on that for the auto sector, as in, they don't get steel & alum on top of auto 3) 10% on everyone ex China on top of above until early July in Asia. 4) China gets embargo level of tariffs or >100% and some >200%. 5) Exemptions for semiconductor, energy, pharma, ICT (phones, laptops etc), commodities.
How bad is this?
Tariffs are a tax on investment so Trump is PUTTING A TAX ON INVESTMENT ABROAD.
Specifically: steel & alum & auto ex USMCA and specifically China.
More to come of course but this is now.
He is starting to understand that when you tax a lot of stuff, especially sectoral, especially intermediates, you are SHORTENING SUPPLY CHAINS AS THIS COMPOUNDS.
A car is made of thousands of parts. Steel is part of it of course. So he has to make exemptions to make sure things don't kill the auto sector that he is trying to rescue/prop up. But supply chains are complicated.
The US used to be almost tariff free. Low single digit of trade-weighted tariff. That means a lot of PING PONG OF TRADE.
As in you can ship intermediates back and forth and have things assembled etc. SUPPLY CHAINS LENGTHENED.
Tariffs SHORTEN SUPPLY CHAINS.
So this complex supply chains that is stretching across US-Canada-Mexico and Asia (ping-ponged across Asia from Japan to Malaysia/Thailand/China) etc is all going to get shortened.
So that is what tariffs will do. Supply chains will be more REGIONALIZED.
No matter what the negotiations will be - US w/ China for example, or US with other Asians or Europeans, the fact is that Trump tariffs are starting at MAXIMALIST positions and will settle at a MORE REASONABLE POSITION BUT STILL VERY HIGH TARIFF REGIME VS BEFORE.
And they will be very TARGETED to shorten supply chains to favor US/Canada/Mexico & maybe key allies in Asia and key allies in Europe.
US trade will China will ultimately be to serve rest of the world or to feed into the above. It will ultimately be cutoff. Because China and the US are strategically decoupling. They are putting a floor on that speed but the speed is towards decoupling.
I'm back in Hong Kong after being in Poland for two weeks. Poland is a country that is better every year (I have been going there every year since 2015) & a country that is very mindful of its geography and being next to two giants (Germany & Russia) that have historically invaded. Kaliningrad (Russia, which was a former Prussian or German town) borders the north & so the Pols are painfully aware the very thin line between peace and a potential invasion. The entrance to my husband's family farm marks several grave cites. One of them is the Tomb of Unknown soldiers from WW1 and we regularly find WWII remnants on the farm ground as well as rubbish from the communist collectivist era when it was part of the Soviet Union or Russian empire.
Poland is an interesting country for me to visit as it is am EM with world class infrastructure but at the same time you can see in the people the pain of the past. If you see older Pols, they look like they have had a hard life in their body and face. This is very similar to what you see in China or other parts of Asia where the impoverish past is very recent and generational differences in skin/look/aesthetic reflect not just time but also transformation of society.
What I find interesting about Warsaw is that brutalist of Soviet architecture - the Nazi invasion (Germany & German soldiers) leveled the city w/ extreme severity and so most of the city is newer than the "new world" as they were built post war or re-created post war. If you find an older building/neighborhood, it's actually pretty rare and very treasured, like the Polytechnic University neighborhood that looks like Paris while the rest look, well, brutal at best.
It is a marathon & not a sprint. Produce below costs & run losses & still produce & gain market share as your goods are much cheaper (selling below costs & hence running losses) & competition goes out of business.
Once you reach a critical mass of market share (monopoly) then the sector consolidates and u can raise prices.
These companies can survive because they are backed by state policy that want certain sectors to develop & not worry about profit margins.
This is why Chinese equities underperform Indian equities or American equities over a long period but China dominates global manufacturing.
Foreign companies find it cheaper to import products that are produced in China & resell at a much higher price & then in the process have high profit margins.
The issue here is that it vacuums out domestic industries as they cannot compete & eventually we are left with the US where it is.
It does not have the capacity to have self-sufficiency in strategy sectors required for defense.
This is the biggest flaw of globalisation, beyond of course the vacuuming out of industries.
The EU trade deficit with China is basically what the US trade deficit with China used to be. And as the US markets increasingly shut out China, imports from China will rise as goods are produced at a cheap costs. If u look at China industrial profits, they have been terrible but product has continued to rise. Why? All about gaining market share, the long game.
Profit margins for exporting are higher than domestic as competition is fierce so there is a strong desire to export vs selling onshore for diminishing return.
All this sets up for an unsustainable global trade picture & I suppose the question is whether Europe or others are happier with cheaper goods (the key thesis for global trade) or having to erect barriers to trade (protectionism like EV tariffs they imposed) beyond what they already have.
I was asked a question recently when I went on Fox on whether the global trade system is fair.
The thing is it is not about fairness. China is fighting with a state-led approach using the savings & will of 1.4bn industrious people to become self sufficient sector by sector.
It is not a listed firm in the US that cares about quarterly earnings. They operate at a loss for a long time and still churn out production because the state implicitly & explicitly supports by promoting that sector via capital, land, and subsidies.
So the question is not fairness but that this is not the WTO designed trade system. Countries that are smaller & weaker and also firms, no matter how big, cannot compete with state-level competition.
I'm going on Fox News at 240pm EST for the Charles Payne show to discuss tariffs impact on the US and Asia. Today, the US slapped anti-dumping duties on Southeast Asian solar with varying rates but they are essentially embargos on the import from the region, especially from Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, and slightly less so Malaysia.
This is a result of the Biden administration probe that started a year ago that was initiated by a South Korean Hanwha Qcells, Arizona-based First Solar Inc and several smaller producers. South Korea is one of the countries that deployed a lot of capital to the US after the US imposed tariffs on solar on China a decade ago and recently Biden introduced industrial policy the IRA.
As the US gave Southeast Asia exemptions, about 70% imports came from the region. But now with anti-dumping duties, that is essentially done for US markets. But note that most of these exports are by Chinese producers that committed capital to arbitrage tariffs. They already started to halt production last year as the anti-dumping duty probe started.
Note that this is an interesting study because it is a bipartisan issue of using antidumping duties/tariffs to protect a domestic industry or foreign companies that have invested capital in the US (Korea's solar). Meaning, it raises costs and ultimately is targeting Chinese solar. Much of Cambodian solar is Chinese. Is this a big loss for the region? Well, even for companies that are not Chinese, the tariffs are a reminder that the costs of allowing Chinese investment leads to also domestic solar companies in Vietnam being smacked with tariffs.
While it is just solar, it raises the question of two issues: Where is Chinese solar moving next to avoid tariffs to the US? If that's not possible, then that means it will need to sell to wherever it can (Europe!).
For the Southeast Asians, the impact is two folds.
First, of course, selling solar to the US is done. But more importantly one should ask what is the real impact? If they were just merely rerouting exports, then not so much as the value add is not really Southeast Asia but rather Chinese.
That being said, not being able to sell to the US means that this particular sector faces risks itself onshore as it faces both more fierce Chinese imports (they were likely Chinese imports anyway) and any hope of moving up the value chain is now very difficult. This is especially the case of Vietnam.
And finally, it raises the costs of allowing rerouting/Chinese investment to arbitrage tariffs, especially in strategic sectors the US care about for the domestic sector because it risks having all producers having essentially no trade w/ the US on solar in particular. A cautionary tale so to speak ahead of negotiations w/ the US on reciprocal tariffs.