Our paper examining the origins of the erroneous 5 μm cutoff for aerosols v. droplets and the 6' rule is now published. One of my fave interdisciplinary collaborations yet, involving rhetoric, history, aerosol science, fluid dynamics. royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rs… /1
With @katierandall@EThomasEwing@jljcolorado Bourouiba. The 5-μm error came from conflation of how droplets/aerosols move through the air with where they deposit in the respiratory tract. The 6' rule came from misinterpretation of studies with bacteria settle plates. /2
These became entrenched through "citogenesis," which I would define as propagation of mis-cited work. /3 xkcd.com/978/
We did some more testing yesterday and updated tinyurl.com/VTkidsmasks with a column dedicated to efficiency as worn. Added results for KF94/KN95s received from @masknerd. Take homes: N95 clearly the best (small 3M Vflex 9105S), KF94/KN95s around 90%, most cloth masks ~60-80%. /1
Based on our testing and some new studies, we moved all cloth masks to the BETTER category and moved surgical + brace or surgical + cloth double masking to the BEST category, which also has KN95/KF94 (small-sized N95s may work for big kids). /3
Our new preprint led by Hawks and Duggal shows infectious virus emitted in air from hamsters (upper right) on days 1-2 but not later, even though RNA still there (lower right). biorxiv.org/content/10.110… /1
We used a condensation particle sampler with & without cyclone. Saw similar amounts of infectious virus, so it's mostly <8 μm.
8-μm particles can float around for at least 13 minutes, and the smaller ones stay in the air for hours. /2
Sampling method does not exclude potential for resuspension from fur and ground, but there was more virus in oral swab & nasal wash than on fur. Either way, though, there's infectious virus in the air. /3
How to keep a gym open more safely during a pandemic. We kept doors open and increased ventilation from 7 liters per sec per person to 240 L/s/p. ASHRAE recommends 10 L/s/p. wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27… /1
An infected trainer exposed 50 clients, but there was no apparent transmission. Enhanced ventilation probably helped. Also had reduced occupancy, >10' distancing, hygiene, but no masks. /2
Real-world test of ionization in a campus building. We did not see a reduction in particle number concentrations at supply vent when system was on vs. off, measured using TSI Aerotrak. /1
Thanks to @VTFacilities for suggesting this and providing access. Photo shows the ionization unit in blue inside the HVAC duct. /2
@ajprussin and David Kormos took turns holding the particle counter at the supply vent. /3
Latest from our lab @jinpan et al. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.11… Why are seasonal patterns of flu & other viruses different in temperate (more in winter) vs. tropical (sporadic, maybe with rainy periods) regions? Indoor climate may be a driver. /1
But most studies look at disease incidence vs. outdoor weather; outdoor data more readily available. Need to understand relationship between indoor & outdoor climate to better interpret results. /2
Indoor temp usually 20-30 C everywhere, but humidity varies widely seasonally (very low in winter in temperate regions) and is higher in tropics. Indoor relative & abs humidity usually well-correlated with outdoor AH, except with heavy A/C use. /3
Why the big debate over airborne transmission? Exchanges with @OlabisiLab Matthew Meselson @kprather88 over the weekend helped me crystallize some thoughts about the disconnect. /1
Traditional discussion about transmission routes centers around operational definitions in infection control and prevention in hospitals. There are "airborne" diseases/precautions and "droplet" diseases/precautions. /2
The problem is that we have been trying to impose these operational definitions on the actual mechanisms of transmission and apply them in community (non-hospital) settings. /3