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Anurag Shukla Profile picture
@Anuraag_Shukla
Oct 28, 2021 • 9 tweets • 3 min read • Read on X
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~ A girls' school in Mangalore, Karnataka (c. the 1870s). Image
Another picture of the same school. This school for girls was housed in a big building. Image
~ Photograph of a Girls' School at Bombay in Maharashtra (c. 1873) Image
~ A Marathi teacher instructing his students in a class in Bombay (c. 1873) Image
~ A private teacher in one of the local schools in Varanasi. (c. 1870). From the Archaeological Survey of India Collections Image
~ A Mussalmaum Schoolmaster (original title)

by Sir Charles D'Oyly (1781–1845), undated, from Paul Mellon Collection Image
From my earlier thread on schools/colleges/Universities in British India.

~ A Girls School in Jaipur, (c. the 1870s/80s) Image

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More from @Anuraag_Shukla

Anurag Shukla Profile picture
May 5
How did the British and missionaries react to bare-chested women in South India? A story of colonial morality, caste, and cultural erasure that still shapes our thinking on dress and modesty today.

A thread 👇

A company painting of a basket maker and his wife, late 18th century.Image
In pre-colonial South India, women—across many castes—often went bare-chested. This was not seen as shameful. It was part of local aesthetics, climate, and caste codes. Modesty had a different meaning.
Enter the British and Christian missionaries with their Victorian morality, which equated nudity or partial nudity with "barbarism" or "backwardness".

The bare-chested woman became, to them, a symbol of India’s moral decay.
Read 6 tweets
Anurag Shukla Profile picture
Jan 22, 2024
And VS Naipaul wrote so prophetically

"The construction of a mosque on a spot regarded as sacred by the conquered population was meant as an insult… an insult to an ancient idea, the idea of Ram.”

"A convert’s deepest impulse is the rejection of his origins.”
In an interview published in Outlook magazine, Naipaul had said;

"You say that Hindu militancy is dangerous. Dangerous or not, it is a necessary corrective to the history I have been talking about. It is a creative force and it will prove to be so."
"So in India at the moment, you have a million mutinies - every man is a mutiny on his own - and I find that entirely creative. It's difficult to manage, it gets very messy, but it is the only way forward."
Read 4 tweets
Anurag Shukla Profile picture
Jan 4, 2024
Ancient Indian texts (Upavana Vinoda, Kathasaritasagara etc.) talk about two types of gardens.

One attached to a royal place and one that was a public garden.

These gardens were spaciously laid out to include water tanks, flowers, orchard, etc.

Then our historians made Mughals synonymous with gardens in India.Image
Kautilya's Arthasastra confirms that an expertise in planting trees, shrubs and curating gardens was recognised.

Such plantings are also extolled in the Matsya Purana, in the form of dramas, epics, and poems that contain references to well laid out gardens.
Vatsyayana, in his Kamasutra, the 2nd century Sanskrit text, talks about creating a garden around a house with fruit trees, vegetables, flowering plants and herbs.

The 3rd-4th century Sanskrit text Vrikshaayurveda of Parasara classified plants in considerable detail.
Read 8 tweets
Anurag Shukla Profile picture
Aug 10, 2023
Reflections on schooling and learning by Mundiya Kepanga, the chief of the Huli tribe in Papua New Guinea. Image
It is westerners who have invented schools with tables, chairs and boards and diplomas. But in my tribe, we had a traditional type of school called Iba Gidja.
For weeks, we grew our hair and, at the same time, learned the rules and how to respect others. We learned to live together in harmony and take care of our planet.
Read 10 tweets
Anurag Shukla Profile picture
Jul 11, 2023
Lutyens' Delhi vs. Lutyens' India

Edwin Lutyens, who was largely responsible for architectural design and construction during the British Raj, when India was a part of the British Empire, had fairly negative opinions about Indian architecture.
"Personally, I do not believe there is any real Indian architecture or any great tradition," he wrote. "They are just spurts by various mushroom dynasties with as much intellect in them as any other art nouveau … And then it is ultimately the building style of children."
He once wanted to buy a Buddha for his wife, but nothing came up to his standard. 'Lord, how ugly everything Indian and Anglo-Indian is . . .' he despaired.
Read 4 tweets
Anurag Shukla Profile picture
Jun 2, 2023
The history of "Made in Sweden" safety matches in India dates back to the late 19th century.

In the 1880s, a Swedish inventor named Gustaf Erik Pasch developed a safer alternative to the traditional friction matches, which were prone to accidental ignition and caused numerous… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… Image
In 1891, the Swedish safety match company, Jönköpings Tändsticksfabrik, started exporting these safety matches to India under the brand name "Swedish Safety Matches."

The matches quickly gained popularity due to their improved safety features and reliable ignition.
However, in the early 20th century, an Indian businessman named Sivakasi Narayana Ayyar recognized the potential of the matchstick industry and established a match manufacturing unit in Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu.

He named his company "Sivakasi Match Industries" and began producing… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…
Read 6 tweets

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