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Isaakios was born around 1155. While his mother's name or his father's identity are unclear, what is certain is that his maternal grandfather was Isaakios Komnenos, son of Byzantine Emperor Joannes and his wife, Piroska (Eirene) of Hungary. 1/10
In 1143, on his deathbed Emperor Joannes nominated as heir his younger son, Manuel, although Isaakios was older. The relation between the brothers, Manuel and Isaakios, appear to have been contentious after the younger one became Emperor. 2/10
In 1174, Emperor Manuel send his grand nephew, Isaakios, to govern Cilicia. But this got him into conflict with the Principality of Armenia, who captured and imprisoned him. With the Emperor's death in 1180, his connection with Constantinople and chance for freedom weakened. 3/10
But his future brightened when Andronikos Komnenos effectively usurped Emperor Manuel's son, Alexios, from the throne. Theodora, the mistress of Andronikos and aunt of Isaakios, secured his release. However, Isaakios did not return to Constantinople. 4/10
Instead he went to Cyprus with a forged letter claiming to be the island's new Governor and took control of the island. In 1184, he declared himself to be the new Emperor. Andronikos, in the mean time, had his hands full in Constantinople. 5/10
In 1185, Andronikos had been killed and Isaakios Angelos was the new Emperor. Angelos dispatched a fleet to retrieve Cyprus, but they were captured by Margaritone of Brindisi. Isaakios managed to hold on to Cyprus, for the time being. 6/10
This changed in 1191 when soldiers from the west shipwrecked onto the island during a storm on the way to Levant. They were soon followed by Queen Joan of Sicily and Princess Berenguela of Navarre, sister and fiancé of King Richard of England. 7/10
Seeing his close ones in peril, King Richard soon followed. Before long Isaakios was captured and Cyprus was under new management. Isaakios was given as prisoner to the Knights Hospitallers, while the Knights Templar bought Cyprus. 8/10
The Knights Templar could not pay up for Cyprus and so, returned the island to Richard. The King then gave it another try. This time former King of Jerusalem came forward. Guy de Lusignan became the Lord of Cyprus in 1192 and after his death, his brother was crowned King. 9/10
Isaakios was freed around 1194. When Emperor Isaakios Angelos was deposed by his elder brother, Alexios, Isaakios launched a bid to seize the throne with the help of the Sultanate of Rûm, but the plan was a non starter because Isaakios died soon, likely poisoned. 10/10
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Murad was born in 1404 to Mehmed. Mehmed was the son of Bayezid, the Ottoman Sultan who was captured by Timur in 1402. This led to a period of anarchy in the Sultanate. By 1413, Mehmed had managed to defeat his brothers and take over as Sultan of the entire Sultanate. 1/10
The Ottoman had Sultanate emerged in late 13th century after the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm was defeated by the Mongols. Many beyliks rose up in the Anatolian peninsula, one among which was ruled by the ancestors of Bayezid, Mehmed and Murad. 2/10
Rastislav was born in early 9th century. His father may have been Wistrach and his uncle Mojmír, the Duke of Moravia. Little is known about Rastislav's youth, until 846 when Franks invaded Moravia and installed Rastislav as the Duke of Moravia. 1/10
Moravia emerged as a semi independent state in Central Europe not long after the Franks had defeated the Avars in late 8th century. Moravia was not the first power in the region though. The Slavic states of Samo and of Nitra had lasted briefly during various times as well. 2/10
Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck was born in 1815 to Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand von Bismarck and Wilhelmine Luise Mencken. Hailing from Schönhausen, the Bismarcks were a prominent noble family of the Kingdom of Prussia, with connections in Pomerania. 1/10
Prussia became a kingdom in 1701, but its major part was Brandenburg in the centuries old Holy Roman Empire. Invasion by the French in early 19th century led to the dissolution of this empire, with many of its regions joining Napoleon backed Confederation of the Rhine. 2/10
Camillo Benso was born in 1810 to Michele Benso, Marquis of Cavour, and Adélaïde Suzanne de Sellon. The Bensos were prominent nobility of Savoy. Camillo also had a distinguishing French connection thanks to his mother and his godmother Pauline, sister of Emperor Napoleon. 1/10
The early 18th century saw the French under Napoleon occupy Savoy. But the Bensos managed to see through it in a favourable manner eventually. Young Camilo's career prospects improved with his appointment as page to Carlo Alberto, Prince of Carignano in 1824. 2/10
Iaroslav Vladimirovich was born around 980 to Vladimir Sviatoslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, and Rogned of Polotsk. Vladimir was initially supposed to rule only in Novgorod, but he had taken Kiev and Dereva from his brothers by 980. 1/10
Iaroslav was given an early charge of Rostov and, later, of Novgorod by 1010. But he sought Kiev and rebelled against his father, when he saw that one of his many brothers may be given Kiev. However, Vladimir died in 1015 and his domain got divided between his sons. 2/10
Birger Magnusson was born around 1210 to Magnus "Minnesköld" Bengtsson and Ingrid Ilva. Magnus was the grandson of the powerful Scandinavian noble, Folke, while Ingrid may have been a descendant of Sverker, King of Sweden in mid 12th century. 1/10
The kingdom of Sweden claimed land on the western and eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea in the 13th century. However, the crown itself was held between two dynasties since Sverker's death in 1156; by Sverker's family and that of Erik who became king after Sverker. 2/10