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Lazarus Long Profile picture
@LazarusLong13
Nov 12, 2021 • 16 tweets • 9 min read • Read on X
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A thread on ambulance ventilation.

And why you are going to see more staffing EMS staffing shortages - resulting in you laying forever next to your wrecked car.

Waiting to be picked up by CoVid+ EMT's in surgical masks.
Study is here - click the PDF button....or just ride along in this clown car.
researchgate.net/publication/33…

Looks like in the USA, there are no standards for ventilation in ambulances.

Used to be 30 ACH..which would be amazing.
In the UK, they recommend not using the recirculating air during AGP's, during pandemics.

assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/upl…

Currently, surgical masks as long as within 6 feet of the CoVid+. No recirculating.
gov.uk/government/pub…

All based on WHO guidance. (Foreshadow.)
The default ventilation of the ambulance is 5 ACH, IF the exhaust blower was on.

They replaced the default ventilation tho with the below HEPA filter, so they could get accurate measurements, avoiding external aerosols, and reset quickly.

Quite clever.
americanlaboratorytrading.com/lab-equipment-…
Here's the rest:

"For each test, four optical particle counters
(OPCs) were placed in locations representing possible positions for a seated EMS worker treating the
patient. OPCs were placed in the positions labeled OPC 1-4 when the cot was at 0° or 30°, and positions ..."
Before going on, let's touch on the 5 ACH that all of you will be hit with in surgical masks.

Even with surgical masks on, we have certainly seen a huge number of outbreaks in hospitals with 6 ACH (better) ventilation
and continuous surgical masking.

For example, Alberta Health Services, @AHS_media, which is the embodiment of the @WHO's IPC guidance.

Stands to reason as Dr. Conly rules over AHS AND the WHO with a very clean fist.

Back to our clown car, Lindsley (yep, the famous one) found that a single cough resulted at least some worker exposure.

Given that Delta is everywhere, and we now know it takes under 3 virii to successfully infect?

Not good.

Might not be a bad idea to buy a @FixTheMask brace
in case you have to go to the hospital or even ride in an ambulance.

Or make the 3 rubber band version and keep it in your wallet or purse:


Why would there still be exposure?

"Air circulation pattern in the ambulance patient compartment generated by...
the ventilation
system. The jet of air created by the air inlet causes a clockwise recirculation pattern to form which
circulates aerosol particles throughout the compartment. Even if the cough is directed toward the rear
of the ambulance, aerosol particles are carried
toward the front by the recirculation. Thus, a worker
anywhere in the ambulance is exposed to the cough aerosol particles."

Thus, you will be exposed to the same.

But does it have to be this way?

No. Or I should say, N100.

The same solution as in this thread that was
slightly viral about 25 years of no infection in the Texas TB hospital:


And the same solution being used today by NYC's EMS:
nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-fd…
But the story does not end there.
Did you know that someone tried putting a HEPA filter into an ambulance?

cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/repo…

"The effective
air change rates ranged from about 43 to 46 ACH in
the HEPA ambulance, and from 26 to 32 ACH in the
non–HEPA ambulance."

This provides further proof that
portable air cleaners such as the Corsi/Rosenthal Box are additive to any current air cleaning infrastructure.

And...they help remove aerosols much faster.

The message is the same because this is NOT rocket science.

Vax.
N100.
HEPA if you can afford it.
CR Box if you can't
A very cool simulation model study confirming what Dr. Noakes shared below. Thank you!

1 - An ambulance transport with a patient actively emitting a virus.
2 - A subsequent transport with an uninfected patient <- very interesting setup here.

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More from @LazarusLong13

Lazarus Long Profile picture
Feb 27
From the ZeroCovid sub on Reddit.

How DO we do it?

Hyper vigilance, constant exposure calculations, discussing and taking precautions?

How do I do it?

Quick thread. I would like to hear covid conscious folks opinions on this: I have long covid (mecfs + pots + mcas). I’ve been sick to varying degrees since 2022. My life has been severely affected by this. At this point, I can’t work. I am mostly housebound, recovering slowly but I still have to spend some days in bed. Recovery from this is awful, especially because it’s not widely understood. With all that said. I still feel like, for me, a life full of hyper vigilance, constant exposure calculations, discussing and taking precautions…I can’t do it. I don’t want to live that way. How can I approach t...
I don't do it.

I don't do exposure calculations.

I don't have hyper vigilance.

I am Vax, Mask, and Relax.

For me, it's just a series of habits now. Drive to the wherever, hit parking lot, put on N95. Get out of car. Stays on until I get back into the car.
A new vaccine comes out? I get it.

I go stay in a hotel?

2nd floor Motel 6 with no shared HVAC (has the PTAC) . Open door/windows for one hour until complete air exchange.

Go through a drive through? N95 on before window is rolled down. Drive away? I roll down both to
Read 6 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Feb 26
After reading a study, and reaching for my phone, if the first thing I do is check to see if I have @'d someone in the past?

That's not a good sign.

I have never @'d them, and this is not directed @ them.

But this IS a debunk thread.

And it starts with who.

/1
Study here. Before you read it?

This thread is about providing context. Read the thread, @SalvMattera's comments, AND THEN, read the study.

0/10 from me.

thelancet.com/journals/lanep…
Who paid for it? The Dutch government - who has been spectacularly almost Tegnell-like in their downplaying of LongCovid and masks.

Lead authors are from RIVM, their CDC.

RIVM was antimask even when they FINALLY recommended masks in OCTOBER 2020.

nltimes.nl/2020/10/03/dut…Image
Image
Read 13 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Dec 21, 2025
Oh, we are cooked. Just cooked.

"Brain Mitochondrial dysfunction, known for ~20 years is finally recognized as a central upstream driver of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), not just a downstream effect."

And SARS2's targeting of mitochondria is well-known.

Even in the brain.
/1 We identified dysregulation of mitochondrial and synaptic pathways in deep-layer excitatory neurons and upregulation of neuroinflammation in glia, consistent across both mRNA and protein. Remarkably, these alterations overlapped substantially with changes in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Our work, combining multiple experimental and analytical methods, demonstrates the brain-wide impact of severe acute/subacute COVID-19, involving both cortical and subcortical regions, shedding light on potential therapeutic targets within pat...
@LauraMiers, in case you don't have it.

nature.com/articles/s4358…
@LauraMiers This is yet another reason why I N95.

Read 6 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Dec 17, 2025
@neiljshaw - — a few tips on your excellent article from a clean air advocate

"Consider Wearing a Mask" ?

No, "It is incredibly important to wear a well-fitting mask such as a N95, KN95, or KF94, for the best protection."

You two are doing Image
public health with this article.

Public health is best done with simple clear instructions.

No:
"These masks act as a barrier, reducing the spread of respiratory droplets when people talk, sneeze or cough."

Yes:
"These masks act as a HEPA air cleaner for the face,
cleaning the air of respiratory aerosols when people breathe, talk, sneeze or cough."

The barrier carries the idea of an immovable wall. Unable to be penetrated by things like oxygen and CO2 - which feeds antimaskers.

As an who debunks antimaskers, it is
Read 9 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Dec 11, 2025
As an anonymous clean air advocate, I've put a bit of thought into how to present, well, my expertise.

If someone were to say, "How do I know you know what you are talking about? Are you a doctor, or a virologist?"

To which, I would say...."No, but that's a good thing.
/1
I have focused on aerosol and masking science. Because it is those fields that give us the most information on how airborne particles, aerosols, get from Person A to Person B.

My expertise is derived from the great studies of Dr. Lindsay Marr, MacArthur recipient. Dr. Prather,
double National Academy member, Dr Milton, inventor of the Gesundheit, aerosol scientist and medical doctor; Dr Coleman whose group found that duckbill N95s captured 98% of emitted respiratory aerosols, and more excellent individual aerosol scientists.
Read 17 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Nov 22, 2025
I am not a fan of nasal sprays to stop The 'Vid, but I respect you having it as a layer in the Swiss cheese package.

But, some people have said they got bloody noses.

While at the ER yesterday, I picked up a pretty good at home technique. Let our $1,000 lay-out
Image
save you money.

Use tongue depressors to make a nose pinch clamp.

Leave it on for 30 minutes. Still a problem? Two sprays of Afrin, and re-apply nose pinch clamp. Wait 30 minutes.

Still a problem? Cotton balls sprayed with Afrin, clamp, 30 minutes

aliem.com/trick-of-trade…Image
Image
Image
Afrin- in generic form is $3.32 at Walmart.

Also, put a ice compress at the back of the neck, while doing the above.

"Cooling the nape of the neck is said to induce reflex constriction of the mucosal vessels of the nose"

✅ I agree with the authors.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1568881/Image
Image
Read 6 tweets

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