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Lazarus Long Profile picture
@LazarusLong13
Nov 12, 2021 • 16 tweets • 9 min read • Read on X
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A thread on ambulance ventilation.

And why you are going to see more staffing EMS staffing shortages - resulting in you laying forever next to your wrecked car.

Waiting to be picked up by CoVid+ EMT's in surgical masks.
Study is here - click the PDF button....or just ride along in this clown car.
researchgate.net/publication/33…

Looks like in the USA, there are no standards for ventilation in ambulances.

Used to be 30 ACH..which would be amazing.
In the UK, they recommend not using the recirculating air during AGP's, during pandemics.

assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/upl…

Currently, surgical masks as long as within 6 feet of the CoVid+. No recirculating.
gov.uk/government/pub…

All based on WHO guidance. (Foreshadow.)
The default ventilation of the ambulance is 5 ACH, IF the exhaust blower was on.

They replaced the default ventilation tho with the below HEPA filter, so they could get accurate measurements, avoiding external aerosols, and reset quickly.

Quite clever.
americanlaboratorytrading.com/lab-equipment-…
Here's the rest:

"For each test, four optical particle counters
(OPCs) were placed in locations representing possible positions for a seated EMS worker treating the
patient. OPCs were placed in the positions labeled OPC 1-4 when the cot was at 0° or 30°, and positions ..."
Before going on, let's touch on the 5 ACH that all of you will be hit with in surgical masks.

Even with surgical masks on, we have certainly seen a huge number of outbreaks in hospitals with 6 ACH (better) ventilation
and continuous surgical masking.

For example, Alberta Health Services, @AHS_media, which is the embodiment of the @WHO's IPC guidance.

Stands to reason as Dr. Conly rules over AHS AND the WHO with a very clean fist.

Back to our clown car, Lindsley (yep, the famous one) found that a single cough resulted at least some worker exposure.

Given that Delta is everywhere, and we now know it takes under 3 virii to successfully infect?

Not good.

Might not be a bad idea to buy a @FixTheMask brace
in case you have to go to the hospital or even ride in an ambulance.

Or make the 3 rubber band version and keep it in your wallet or purse:


Why would there still be exposure?

"Air circulation pattern in the ambulance patient compartment generated by...
the ventilation
system. The jet of air created by the air inlet causes a clockwise recirculation pattern to form which
circulates aerosol particles throughout the compartment. Even if the cough is directed toward the rear
of the ambulance, aerosol particles are carried
toward the front by the recirculation. Thus, a worker
anywhere in the ambulance is exposed to the cough aerosol particles."

Thus, you will be exposed to the same.

But does it have to be this way?

No. Or I should say, N100.

The same solution as in this thread that was
slightly viral about 25 years of no infection in the Texas TB hospital:


And the same solution being used today by NYC's EMS:
nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-fd…
But the story does not end there.
Did you know that someone tried putting a HEPA filter into an ambulance?

cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/repo…

"The effective
air change rates ranged from about 43 to 46 ACH in
the HEPA ambulance, and from 26 to 32 ACH in the
non–HEPA ambulance."

This provides further proof that
portable air cleaners such as the Corsi/Rosenthal Box are additive to any current air cleaning infrastructure.

And...they help remove aerosols much faster.

The message is the same because this is NOT rocket science.

Vax.
N100.
HEPA if you can afford it.
CR Box if you can't
A very cool simulation model study confirming what Dr. Noakes shared below. Thank you!

1 - An ambulance transport with a patient actively emitting a virus.
2 - A subsequent transport with an uninfected patient <- very interesting setup here.

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More from @LazarusLong13

Lazarus Long Profile picture
Jan 30
What Have You Got Against A Mask?

1/9 What Have You Got Against A Mask? In a black and white photograph, a black woman wearing a white duckbill respirator, gazes deep into your soul. Her eyes tell you that .... The simple act of wearing a respirator (KN95, N95, or better) can save your life, if they're used properly and every time you are in a public place / outside your home. Wearing a mask helps prevent transmission of airborne viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, RSV, influenza, and more. Despite profit-based claims otherwise, we are still in a global COVID pandemic. Mask up to protect yourself and others from illness, disability...
What Have You Got Against We, The People? A DELTA plane landing on their words that have killed thousand. Disabled hundreds of thousands, and destroyed us all. We are writing on behalf of Delta Air Lines to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to reconsider the current guideline for 10 days of isolation in fully vaccinated individuals who experience breakthrough COVID-19 infections... We propose a 5-day isolation from symptom onset for those who experience a breakthrough infection. Delta Airlines to CDC Director, Dec. 2021 THIS IS TO ENRAGE YOU.
What Have You Got Against A Mask? In a black and white photograph, a young teenager stares into your soul. His eyes say, What Have You Got Against A Mask? The simple act of wearing a respirator (KN95, N95, or better) can save your life, if they're used properly and every time you are in a public place / outside your home. Wearing a mask helps prevent transmission of airborne viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, RSV, influenza, and more. Despite profit-based claims otherwise, we are still in a global COVID pandemic. Mask up to protect yourself and others from illness, disability (Long Covid), and death. For more information about...
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Lazarus Long Profile picture
Jan 28
This may be the biggest news of the decade. Completely overshadowed by shenanigans in the White House.

It looks like H5N1 reinfections are entirely possible. This means that our farms are going to be a never-ending circulating pump of H5N1.

This. Is. Not. Good.

/1 But reinfections suggest that the virus, called H5N1, could circulate on farms indefinitely, finding opportunities to evolve into a more dangerous form — a “high-risk” scenario, said Louise Moncla, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Pennsylvania. “You could easily end up with endemically circulating H5 in dairy herds without symptoms, obscuring rapid or easy detection,” Dr. Moncla said.
How long can our luck go on?

We now have Bobcats with the one mutation that we really don't want to see.

The PB2 E627K mutation.

"The PB2 E627K mutation is a dominant adaptation marker in most human-adapted influenza A viruses. " PB2 E627K is a mutation in the PB2 gene of the influenza A virus that changes the amino acid glutamic acid (Glu) to lysine (Lys) at position 627. This mutation helps the virus replicate more efficiently in mammalian cells. How it affects the virus Replication: The PB2 E627K mutation helps the virus replicate more efficiently in mammalian cells. Disease severity: The PB2 E627K mutation can cause more severe disease in mammals. Temperature: The PB2 E627K mutation helps the virus replicate in the lower temperatures of the upper respiratory tract of mammals. How it affects humans Human-adap...
Read 9 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Jan 14
If you are taking public transport like in NYC? Mask up.

Pretty cool Master's Thesis for Biology - on bioaerosols like SARS-COV-2.

Set up a prototype aerosol sampler?

And find it in 52.9% of the samples in Beijing Railway Station and 44.4% at Beijing Subway Station.

/1 The subway station selected for this experiment was Xidan Subway Station, a major subway station on Lines 1 and 2 in Beijing and serves as an important subway transit hub. The passenger flow of the station is expected to be around 7,000 – 12,000 during rush hours and less than 7,000 during non rush-hours. A total of 27 samples have been collected, with the first 10 collected around 9-10am in the morning or 3-4pm in the afternoon, which is considered non-rush hour and 17 collected during the rush hour period. Sampling was collected for 17 weeks in total, not necessarily consecutively taking ...
Bioaerosol Sampling in the Exit Area of Beijing Railway Station. BC500 was placed near the exit area of the Beijing Railway Station where passenger flow is expected to be the largest. Beijing Railway Station is one of the oldest train stations in Beijing with a large passenger flow that is around 60,000 passengers per day. The bioaerosol sampling device in this scenario is placed at the exit area of the train station, where passenger flow is relatively higher, ensuring better chances of sample collection. However, passenger flow, unlike the subway station is not divided into rush / non-rus...
Never mind this.

"Firstly, the high positive rate highlights the potential for airborne transmission of these viruses in crowded public areas"

Definitely do not flag this to anyone in a big city looking to ban masks.

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Yes, nothing to see here.....

At Beijing Railway Station, positive samples were
52.9% SARS-CoV-2
47.1% Flu A
23.5% Flu B.

At Xidan Subway Station, positive samples were
44.4% SARS-CoV-2
18.5% Flu A
7.4% Flu B At Beijing Railway Station, 52.9% of samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 47.1% for influenza A, and 23.5% for influenza B. Additionally, 29.4% of the samples were positive for two pathogens, and 11.8% were positive for all three pathogens. The total percentage of negative samples at this location was 29.4%. At Xidan Subway Station, 44.4% of the samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 18.5% for influenza A, and 7.4% for influenza B. Moreover, 18.5% of the samples were positive for two pathogens, with no samples testing positive for all three pathogens. The total rate of negative samples ...
Image
Read 5 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Dec 31, 2024
Sara Anne Willette's visualization tool - is not a list. It is a visual representation of a group of accounts, so that she can remove herself from them.

It uses only publicly facing data, available per the X TOS, and the API, not scraping.

IT WILL NOT EFFECT YOU AT ALL. Image
Image
There are some accounts 👇 and their followers that SHE JUST WANTS NOTHING TO DO WITH.

It is her choice to remove herself from any account she wants.

The actual data?

✔️ account creation date
✔️ the username of the account,
✔️ who they follow.

All obtained legally per TOS. The list. Ooo so scary. You all are acting like high school kids.
Describes user name
The LOCATION that you saw in the blurry used to get you all fired up!?

Picked up from the front page of the profile, but NOT USED.

I live in Temporarily Enabled, USA - but it is not my physical location.

That's it.

Some additional thoughts, from me, not Sara. Not using location
Read 18 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Dec 23, 2024
Ozone. A pollutant no matter where it is - outdoors or indoors.

#DYK that indoor inhalation is 25% to 60% of total intake? Per Weschler?

iaqscience.lbl.gov/increases-ozone

#DYK that MOST indoor ozone comes from OUTDOORS? Per Weschler?

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC16…

Truly worried?

🧵 Accounting for the differences between indoor and outdoor air ozone concentrations, Weschler [6] has estimated that indoor exposures to ozone are typically 45% to 75% of total exposures. Because breathing rates are lower when people are indoors, the indoor inhalation intake of ozone is typically 25% to 60% of total ozone intake. These estimates may be low for the population most affected by ozone—infants, the elderly, and those with respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Consequently, if there is no threshold concentration for the health effects of ozone, or if the threshold is low, roughl...
Although there are indoor sources of ozone, in most buildings indoor ozone has been transported from outdoors (Weschler 2000). Indoor ozone concentrations track outdoor concentrations with a slight time lag that depends on the air exchange rate. Ozone is removed by indoor surfaces as well as by gas-phase reactions, and hence, indoor concentrations tend to be smaller than co-occurring outdoor levels.
If you are TRULY worried, you should be focused on eliminating ozone, right?

You would be slipping into people's threads and sharing these cheap DIY activated carbon builds, right?

Because if you are TRULY concerned about ozone, you would not be slipping into threads of people showing pictures of their new FAR-UVC Torches - for any other reason, but to share the good word that the miniscule ozone generated could be eliminated.

VIRUS and OZONE free air.
Read 8 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Dec 21, 2024
ACH ACPH - Air Exchanges per Hour.

An important topic since way before 2020, but given fresh vigor with our collective interest in clean air. Not just disease free air, but VOC, PFA, microplastic, mold, UFP, PM 1, PM 2.5, etc.

The outside air will infiltrate inside.

🧵
That ☝️picture is not typical.

Typical ACH - there can be general estimates, but every house is different. You can determine your own, as shown by @jljcolorado with help 👇👇. Jump to the section shown 👇.

medium.com/@jjose_19945/h…

The estimator is here
docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u… How to estimate the ventilation rate in practice
I am grateful for input and suggestions on this topic from Andy Persily, Shelly Miller, Dustin Poppendiek, Ty Newell, Rich Corsi, Bill Bahnfleth, and Jeff Siegel.
The thread about that article is here. Some excellent discussion on it by some very good scientists, including those Dr. Jimenez acknowledges. Those folks are also on Xitter.

Read 15 tweets

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